Transcript 3-4 MILLION YEARS AGO

Homo sapiens migrated to
Europe, Asia, Australia and
the Americas from this
continent:
AFRICA
Early humans ______________
to new environments by
shaping simple tools and
making clothing
ADAPTED
Early peoples were nomadic
because:
1.They followed
herds of animals
2. They searched
for food, water and
shelter
Hunter gatherers lived in
tribes or ____________ as they
searched for meat, seeds and
nuts.
Hunter gatherers lived in tribes or ____________ as they searched for meat, seeds and nuts.
 CLANS
CLANS
Early humans developed
“oral language” which
means
SPOKEN
LANGUAGE
Fire was created in the
_____ Stone Age.
OLD
(Paleolithic)
The first tools and simple
weapons were made
from:
STONE!
(the STONE AGE!!!)
Oral language, clothing, cave
art, fire use and simple
weapons characterize the:
OLD STONE
AGE OR
PALEOLITHIC
Domesticated animals,
weaving, settled farming,
advanced tools and pottery
characterize:
THE NEW
STONE AGE
OR
NEOLITHIC
These scientists study past
cultures by locating and
analyzing artifacts and
remains left by humans
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
Giant circle of stones in
England in Neolithic Era
probably used for religion
STONEHENGE
The early river valleys are
often called the
“Cradles of
Civilization”
Which early civilization was
located along a narrow strip
of land along the Nile in
Africa?
EGYPT
Which civilization was
located between the Tigris
and Euphrates?
MESOPOTAMIA
Which civilization was located
along the Indus and the
Ganges?
INDIA
Which civilization was
located on the Huang He
(Hwang Ho) River ?
CHINA
People tended to settle in
river valleys because:



Water was available
for irrigation
Soils were rich for
farming
Physical features
such as deserts and
mountains provided a
natural defense
The name for the region
located along the
Mediterranean Coast
connecting Mesopotamia and
the Nile is known as the:
FERTILE
CRESCENT
With surplus food, trade was
promoted along rivers and seas.
Surplus food also resulted in:
1.Food storage
2.Accounting
systems to track
food and farmers
3. City development
4. Growth of
government to run
the city
Written language developed
from pictograms. Egyptian
writing was known as:
HIEROGLYPHICS
Sumerian or Mesopotamian
writing / pictograms was
known as:
CUNEIFORM
Examples of the technology of
Ancient River civilizations
include:
1.
2.
3.
USE OF COPPER,
BRONZE
& IRON
CHARIOTS FOR
WARFARE
PLOWS FOR
FARMING
The Ancient Egyptians
worshipped many gods – this
is known as:
POLYTHEISM
Independent city and
surrounding lands (small
kingdoms)
CITY-STATES
Government that is also in
charge of religion
THEOCRACY
Social patterns in Early
Civilizations
dynasty, hierarchy (social
classes), slavery was
common
Artisans focus on excelling
in one craft
SPECIALIZATION OF
LABOR
Location of the world’s first
cities
River & ocean trade routes
Where the Persian Empire
was built
Central Asia and
Mesopotamia
Hebrews settled…
Between the
Mediterranean
and the Jordan
River
Essential beliefs of the
Jewish people include:



One God (the 1st
monotheistic
religion).
God’s covenant with
the Hebrews as the
chosen people.
10 Commandments
as the moral and
religious laws of
conduct.
The written record of the
Hebrews that forms the
basis of the Old Testament
in Christianity is called
the:
TORAH
This Hebrew led his tribe
out of ancient Sumer to the
Land of Goshen – he was
considered a prophet.
ABRAHAM
This leader led the Hebrews
out of Egypt and received the
10 Commandments:
MOSES
4 contributions of Judaism to
modern Western civilization
include:




Monotheism.
10 Commandments.
Old Testament.
All people equal before the
law.
Judaism is the basis of these
other 2 major world religions
Christianity
Islam
How Judaism was spread
*Exile (Egypt and
Babylon)
*Diaspora (when
the Persians freed
them from
Babylon)
Location of Greece:
Balkan Peninsula
Europe
Asia Minor
What topographical feature
led to the isolated
development of city states
instead of a unified empire?
MOUNTAINS
Although the climate was
mild and some soils were
good for grape, olive and
wheat farming, Greeks had
to:


Trade for
items they
could not
produce and
COLONIZE
The good harbors and
merchant trade emphasis
resulted in this for Ancient
Greece:
1. Cultural
diffusion
2. Technological
advances
With such a mild climate,
Greeks congregated in the
AGORA and:
Engaged in civic
and commercial
activities.
Ancient Greek religion was
POLYTHEISTIC.
True or False?
TRUE!!
What are the goals of Ancient
Greek Religion?
1.To explain the mysteries of
nature.
2. To explain life after death
4. To justify the unpredictability of
human emotion
King of the Greek Gods
(and father of some
humans like Hercules)
ZEUS
Patron goddess of Athens:
ATHENA
Rule by one person who may
inherit power by family
succession is known as:
MONARCHY
OLIGARCHY or
Aristocracy involves rule
by:
A small
group of
nobles.
Rule by a popular assembly
in which the citizens may
vote is known as :
DEMOCRACY
City-state with rigid social
structure and militaristic
society
SPARTA
Known for his epic poetry:
HOMER
What is the name of the
building built in Athens after
the destruction of the
Persian Wars?
THE
PARTHENON
Great Greek philosopher who
introduced a new method of
teaching by questioning and
died from hemlock (poison):
SOCRATES
Author of the “Republic,” a work
describing this philosopher’s
idea of rule by wise and ethical
Philosopher Kings
PLATO
An accomplished scientist as
well as a great philosopher, this
man favored a government in
which there was a separation of
powers:
ARISTOTLE
Macedonia is located
__________ of Greece.
NORTH
The Macedonian who
conquered most of Greece
and his son:
Philip II
and
Alexander
Alexander’s empire and the
influence of Greek culture
extended as far as this river
valley in the East
THE
INDUS
RIVER
VALLEY
The primary language
spoken in Alexander’s
Empire:
GREEK
T or F: The people of
Egypt, Mesopotamia and
India were not influenced
by Greek culture and art.
FALSE!!
The Italian Peninsula was
a natural crossroads for
the following activities:
1. Trade
2. Cultural
exchange
3. Conquest
This mountain system to
the north provided Italy
with a natural protection
from invaders:
The
Alps
Integral to Ancient Rome’s
culture, politics and art was
this polytheistic religion:
Roman
mythology
While western culture adopted
many of the Roman symbols
and images, the Romans
adopted THEIR religious ideas
from:
The ancient
Greeks
Roman god of the sea:
Neptune
Roman Sun god
Apollo
The three social classes of
the Roman Republic
included:
1. Patricians
2. Plebeians
3. Slaves
The Roman nobility who
were few in number were
called:
Patricians
The majority of the population
consisting of landowners,
townspeople, merchants and
small farmers were called:
Plebeians
This brilliant Roman
general led the conquest of
Gaul (France) as well as
the British Isles:
Julius
Caesar
3 good economic impacts
of the Roman Empire:
1.
2.
3.
Uniform coinage to
enhance trade.
Guaranteed safe
travel on Roman
roads.
Prosperity and
stability.
The Christian faith is
based on the teachings
of:
Jesus
Christ
5 major Christian beliefs
include:





One God
Jesus as son of God.
Life after death.
Church recognition of
all who believe.
All people are equal
before God.
Christianity was spread by
the writings and teachings
of:
Apostles and
other
missionaries.
One of the reasons the
Christians were persecuted in
the Roman Empire was:
They were
MONOTHEISTIC
and refused to
acknowledge the
Emperor as god.
This Roman emperor ended the
persecution of Christians when
he converted to Christianity and
made it the official faith of the
Roman Empire:
CONSTANTINE
Christianity has its origins in
this earlier faith:
JUDAISM
The leader of the Roman
Catholic Church is the
bishop of Rome or the:
POPE
Major Roman architectural
achievements included:
(1) The great arena
(2) the temple to all gods and
(3) the city center around which
govt. offices were built:
•Colosseum
•Pantheon
•Forum
Roman technological
improvements in
transportation and water
carrying included:


Roads
Aqueducts
Romance languages such
as Italian, Spanish and
French are based upon
this root language:
LATIN
Ptolemy was a scientist of the
Roman Era who believed the
universe was GEOCENTRIC,
meaning?
EARTH
Centered
The Byzantine emperor
Justinian was known for:
1. The Code
of Justinian
2. Expansion
of empire
T or F. The Code of
Justinian provided justice
for a diversity of peoples in
the Byzantine Empire.
TRUE
T or F. Justinian’s Code
provides the basis for
European law codes.
TRUE
The most common language
spoken in the Byzantine
Empire was:
Greek
Armies from Asia that
invaded Russia, China and
Muslim states, creating an
empire
MONGOLS
The name of the nomads in
the Arabian Peninsula:
The
Bedouins
The Holy Book of Islam is
known as the:
Qur’an
(Koran)
The last great prophet
according to Islamic tradition:
Muhammad
The following three prophets
were accepted as part of the
Islamic belief from Jewish
and Christian tradition:
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
T or F: The Islamic faith
is polytheistic.
FALSE –
There is
but one
true God.
THE FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH:





Profession of faith:
“There is no god but
God and Muhammad
is his prophet”
Daily prayers
Alms to the poor
Fast during the month
of Ramadan
Make a pilgrimage to
Mecca
Muslim conquest of lands in
Syria and Palestine sparked
this reaction from Christians:
A call for
CRUSADES to
regain the Holy
Lands (9)
This is the name for the
system that arose in the
Middle Ages to provide
security and protection on a
local level:
FEUDALISM
A lord gave land to a
vassal in exchange for:
1. Military service
2. A percentage of
crops
3. Administration of
courts
4. Fee collection
The origin of serfdom in
which people are bound
to work the land for a
particular landowner is:
The Roman
Latifundia
and Slavery
system.
This was the name for the
stable, self-sufficient
economic system in the
Middle Ages:
The
Manor
The 3 major classes in the
Middle Ages with their
separate roles:
1. The Clergy –
spiritual guidance
2. The Nobles –
protection and
justice
3. The Peasants –
agricultural labor
Typically, the nobles attained
their tiles and lands in this
manner:
Inheritance
With his Carolingian
Renaissance, this king
emphasized learning,
Christianity and revived
Roman culture:
Charlemagne
St. Benedict is a founder of a:
Monastery
Monks were engaged in
illumination and copying of
ancient manuscripts and helped
to preserve secular works from
ancient:
Greece
and
Rome
The Latin alphabet and the
Christian faith were carried
to the Germanic tribes and
the Celts by ________________
Missionaries
English king who united most
of Medieval England after he
successfully conquered it
William the
Conqueror
English king forced by nobles
to sign the Magna Carta
which limited the kings
powers
KING
JOHN
Peasant girl turned soldier
who unified France during
the 100 Years’ War
JOAN
OF
ARC
Spanish monarchs who
unified Spain as a Christian
nation by kicking out Jews
and Muslim Moors
Ferdinand
& Isabella
*Population declined
*scarce labor
*decline of feudalism
*Church loses influence
*trade decreased
Results of
the Black
Death
In order to assert their
dominance over the Indus
Civilization, Aryan invaders
instituted the:
CASTE
SYSTEM
(Varna)
What religious tradition
supported the Caste System?
HINDUISM
Siddhartha Gautama was the
founder of _______________
BUDDHISM
One thing that Gautama
criticized was the:
CASTE
SYSTEM
Following the 4 Noble Truths
and the 8 Fold Path will help
one to reach:
NIRVANA
(or
enlightenment)
India is the birthplace of
Hinduism and Buddhism,
what is the faith introduced
from the West that is still
popular in Pakistan today?
ISLAM
The Doctrine of Rebirth in
Hinduism is known as
REINCARNATION
Sacred of writings of
Hinduism – collection of
songs, prayers
VEDAS
Some physical barriers to
India include:
1. HIMALAYAS
2. HINDU
KUSH
3. OCEAN
BARRIERS
Confucius emphasized the
following ideas:



Respect for elders
Importance of
Education (Civil
Service Exams)
Dedication to
fulfilling duty in life
to government and
society
China was connected to the
Western world (including
Rome!) via the:
SILK
ROAD
(a trade
route over
land)
Migratory invaders
threatened China’s northern
borders leading to the
construction of:
THE GREAT
WALL OF
CHINA
This religion was introduced
to Japan from China and
Korea:
Buddhism
The following are examples of
Chinese cultural influence:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Confucianism
Art
architecture
writing
Chain or group of islands,
such as Japan
archipelago
The Mayan civilization was
located in:
Mexico and
Central
America
(Guatemala)
The Maya and Aztec had their
economies based upon both:
Agriculture
and trade
The Maya built magnificent
____________ and were
polytheistic.
pyramids
The Aztec Empire was based in
Central
Mexico at
Tenochtitlan
(agricultural
city)
The Aztec were ruled by an:
Emperor
The Aztec were known for their
polytheistic religion and gained
sacrificial victims through:
Warfare
Empire located in the Andes
Mountains of South America
INCAN
Four common cultural
characteristics of Central
American civilizations were:
Writing
Calendar
Pyramids
polytheism
trade route at #1= Silk Road
trade route at #2 = China to SE
Asia (cultural diffusion by
conquest)
trade route at #3 = trade b/w
Egypt and Mesopotamia
trade route at #4 = Africa to India
Trans-Saharan trade route
(gold was traded for Sahara
Desert salt from the north)
Mediterranean Trade Network:
western European water trade
(links to Africa and Asia, important in
the Renaissance)
Rebirth of the Greek and
Roman classical ideals in
Italy
RENAISSANCE
Why the Renaissance
started in Italy
Europe had become wealthy from
trade with the Middle East.
About 1/3 of the population of
England and France was killed as a
result of:
THE
BLACK
DEATH
Some of the beneficial effects of
the Black Death included:
Serfdom was eliminated due to the
scarcity of labor
 Towns grew
 Church influence declined
 Capitalism began to flourish

The important banking family in Italy
was:
THE
MEDICI
“Mona Lisa” and the “Last Supper”
are by:
LEONARDO
DE VINCI
The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
and the statue of David are by:
MICHELANGELO
Father of humanism and writer
of Sonnets
PETRARCH
What invention helped spread the
ideas of the Renaissance and
Reformation?
GUTENBERG’S
PRINTING
PRESS