Transcript Antibiotic
UNIT 3 SEMINAR MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS (REVIEW OF CHAPTER 7) AND ANTIMICROBIALS/ANTIFUNGALS/ANTIVIRALS (CHAPTER 18) 1 ASSIGNMENT HINTS Show your work, so I can give partial credit Turn it in early in case you need to make corrections Don’t forget about the Math Center if you need help Make sure you answer all of the questions Put your name on your work 2 THREE BASIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Weight – gram (g, gm) Volume – liter (L) Length – meter (m) 3 CONVERSION ______ mL = 4 L _____ g = 200 mg ______ cm = 0.5 m _____ L = 300 mL 4 REVIEW Remember 1kg=2.2lbs How much will a 160lb patient weigh in kilograms? __________ How much will a 37.6 kg patient weigh in lbs? ________ 5 Questions 6 ANTIMICROBIALS, ANTIFUNGALS, ANTIVIRALS CHAPTER 18 7 WHAT IS THE GOAL OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY? 8 TERMS Antimicrobial Broader class includes: antibiotics, antifungals, antiparasitics, antivirals Antibiotic is anti (against) + Greek bios (life) Antibiotic is: against life. Produced from natural substances including molds and bacteria. Inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms. There are families of antibiotics all similar to the original chemical, with various prosperities that make them useful for treating different types of infections. 9 -CIDAL OR –STATIC? -cidal -static Causes the ________ of the organism Causes the ________ of the organism Inhibits the ________ of organism Allows body’s own defenses to remove the organism Both Agents may be –cidal or –static Depending on dosage or concentration of drug. Depending on virulence of organism 10 WHEN CHOOSING AN ANTIBIOTIC – WHAT DO HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS LOOK FOR? Want maximum effect with minimal harm to patient. Match bug to drug, if possible by knowing: What the organism is, What drugs is it sensitive to, The host factors at the site. Also health status of the patient, including immune status. 11 WHY ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE? The main reason for the development of drug-resistant microbes is the inappropriate use of antibiotics. The more an antibiotic is used the faster drug resistance develops. Improper prescribing by health care workers and patients not finishing the course of therapy contribute. No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of antibiotics. Can lead to a: ______________ 12 PENICILLIN First of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s Remain the most effective and least toxic of available antimicrobials. Changes in the chemical structure of the penicillins over the years have increased their usefulness and effectiveness in controlling disease. Most generic names for penicillins end in –cillin while many trade names have pen in their names penicillin V (generic) Pen-VEE-K (trade) 13 HOW PENICILLINS ARE CLASSIFIED Narrow-spectrum Narrow-spectrum anti-staphylococcal First generation Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains Broad-Spectrum Second generation Effective against a broader spectrum Extended-spectrum Third generation Wider antimicrobial action than second 14 SIDE EFFECTS/ALLERGIES: PENICILLINS SIDE EFFECTS Nausea and Vomiting Patients should report diarrhea, sore mouth and tongue Why? ________________________________________, ALLERGIC REACTION Rashes and hives Tend to precipitate more severe allergic reactions than other medications A patient allergic to one should be considered allergic to all Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin. 15 CEPHALOSPORINS Derived from mold – related to penicillin Give with caution to patients with pcn allergy Four Generations increased activity against gram-negative bacteria Patient education: Take with food if gastric upset occurs Keep medication refrigerated Do not drink alcohol Can intensify bleeding tendencies 16 MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS “ACE”=azithromycin(Z-pak), clarithromycin (Biaxin), erythromycin Useful in treating atypical infections (ex: chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical pneumonia, Lymes disease) Can be used when patient is penicillin allergic Similar spectrum of activity as penicillins, with added atypical coverage Side Effects: GI symptoms, headaches TETRACYCLINES (SUFFIX “-CYCLINE”) First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics Long Acting :doxycycline, minocycline Short Acting : tetracycline Do not give with dairy products or antacids. Can decrease effectiveness Harmful if used after the expiration date. Side effects Sun sensitivity Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8 yrs. Broad spectrum can cause super-infection 18 OTHER ABX (ANTIBIOTICS) Floroquinolones Generic ends in –floxacin Broad spectrum Cipro (ciprofloxacin), Levaquin (levofloxacin) Antimicrobial Lincomycins vancomycin: Toxic drug reserved for treating serious infections MRSA (methicillin resistant staph aureus) Bacteriocidal VRE – Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci OVER THE COUNTER For topical use – dermatologic infections Bacitracin Neomycin Neosporin Polymyxin B 20 SULAFONAMIDES (SULFA DRUGS) Antibacterial drug (not antibiotic) Used in areas of the body that can flush away wastes of infection - kidneys Long term use has resulted in resistance Used in combination to increase action Patient education: Drink large amounts of fluids to flush kidneys Avoid soda and citrus fruits – make urine alkaline Take medication on empty stomach May cause photosensitivity 21 ANTIMYCOTIC (ANTIFUNGAL) Used to treat fungus (mycotic) infections Resulting from overuse of antibiotics Immunosuppressed patient Can be systemic or topical Antifungals can be fungistatic or fungicidal Prescription and OTC 22 ANTIVIRALS Less successful than antibiotics Very limited use, narrow spectrum Must adhere very closely to schedule 23 ANTISEPTIC Applied to living skin Decreases number of bacteria & allows normal body defenses to work Used to eliminate disease Limited use in treatment Types Alcohol Hexachlorophene Hydrogen peroxide Silver and mercury preparations DISINFECTANT Applied to inanimate objects to reduce bacteria growth May not kill all types of microorganisms (spores, viruses, fungi) Types Formaldehyde Bleach Alcohol Germicides kill microorganisms on either living or nonliving objects ANTISEPTIC OR DISINFECTANT? 24