Transcript 4.5g
Week 3 Seminar
Measurement Systems and Their Equivalents
and
Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals
Chapters 7 & 18
1
Assignment Hints
• Show your work, so I can give partial
credit
• Attempt it early so you can ask for
help
• Don’t forget about the Math Center
if you need help
2
Three Basic Units of
Measurement
• Weight – gram (g, gm)
• Volume – liter (L)
• Length – meter (m)
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Sliding Mnemonic
Conversions
Kilo
10-3
hecto
deka
10-2
10-1
EX: .0045kg<=
EX: .075km <=
METER(m) deci centi milli * * micro(µ)
LITER(L)
GRAM(g)
<<base>>
4.5g
75m
101
102
103 * * 106
=> 4,500mg = 4,500,000mcg (µ)
=>7500cm =75,000mm
Metric Rules
Which is correctly written?
3.0
0.3
3/10
What are the rules?
Include leading zero
Avoid trailing zero
Avoid fractions
Meter conversion factors
= 1,000,000 micrometers
• 1 meter= 1000 millimeters
=
=
=
=
=
100 centimeters
10 decimeters
0.1 dekameters
0.01 hectometers
0.001 Kilometers
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5 Steps to Convert Units
1. What are we converting to & from?
2. What is our conversion factor?
3. Set up equation. Start with what
you’re given.
4. Solve. Cancel units.
5. Review – does our answer make
sense?
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Let’s practice a length
conversion
75mm =____ cm
• 1. have mm, need cm
• 2. Conversion factor from p. 133
1cm = 10mm
• 3. 75mm x 1cm/10mm =
• 4. Solve 75/10= 7.5cm
• 5. Does it make sense?
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Length Mneumonic
Method
• 75mm=___cm
• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
• Start @ milli, must move decimal to
the left one time to reach centi so
move 75 mm to 7.5 cm
Your turn to solve…
0.5m =___mm
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How did you do?
•
•
•
•
•
•
0.5m=____mm
1. m to mm
2. 1m = 1000mm
3. 0.5m x 1000mm/m =
4. 500mm
5. Review
Volume
Liter Conversion Factors
=1,000,000microliters
• 1 Liter (L.) = 1,000 milliliters
= 100 centiliters
=10 deciliters
=0.1 dekaliter
=0.01 hectoliter
=0.001 kiloliter
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Volume Conversion
Factors
1 mL = 1cc
1 teaspoonful=5mL or 5cc’s
1 tablespoon=3 tsp = 15mL or 15cc’s
1 L = 32 ounces (approx)
1L = 1000 mL=1000cc
1L = 1qt (approx)
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Let’s Practice Volume
Conversions
4 L = _____ ml
250 ml _____L
0.3 ml = ______cc
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How did you do?
4 L = _____ ml
Conversion factor: 1000 ml = 1 L
4 L x 1000 ml/1L = 4,000 ml
250 ml _____L
Conversion factor: 1000 ml = 1 L
250 ml x 1L/1000ml = 0.250 L
0.3 ml = ______cc
Conversion factor: ml = cc
0.3ml = 0.3 cc
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Weight
Gram Conversion Factors
=1,000,000micrograms
• 1 gram= 1000 mg
= 100 centigrams
= 10 decigrams
= 0.1 dekagram
= 0.01 hectogram
= 0.001 kilogram
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Most Commonly Used
•
•
•
•
•
Milligram
Gram
Kilogram
1000mg (mg)=1 gram (g)
1000gms (g) = 1 kilogram (kg. or kilo)
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Weight Conversion
Practice
• 0.2 mg = ____mcg
• 0.004 g = _____mg
• 25 g = _____kg
• 1500 mg = ____g
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How did you do?
• 0.2 mg = ____mcg
•
•
Conversion factor: 1000mcg = 1 mg
0.2 mg x 1000mcg/1mg = 200 mg
• 0.004 g = _____mg
•
•
Conversion factor: 1000mg = 1 g
0.004 g x 1000mg/g = 4 g
• 25 g = _____kg
•
•
Conversion factor: 1000 g = 1 kg
25 g x 1kg/1000 g = 0.025kg
• 1500 mg = ____g
•
1500mg x g/1000mg = 1.5g
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Household Measurement
Conversion Factor
1 kg = 2.2 pounds
1 tsp = 5ml
1 tbs = 15ml
3 tsp = 1 tbs
1 pt = 16 oz
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Let’s practice!
• How much will a 160lb person weigh in
kilograms?
• Lb to kg
• Conversion factor: 1kg = 2.2 lb
• 160 lb x 1kg/2.2lb = 72.7 kg
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Your turn…
How many kg is a 65 lb child?
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How did you do?
How many kg is a 65 lb child?
lb to kg
Conversion factor: 1 kg = 2.2 lbs
65 lb x 1kg/2.2lbs = 29.5 kg
Review
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More practice…
• One teaspoon is how many mls?
• 4 tbs = _____tsp
• 3 pt = ______oz
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How did you do?
• One teaspoon is how many mls?
• 1 tsp = 5ml
• 4 tbs = _____tsp
• Conversion factor: 3 tsp = 1 tbs
• 4 tbs x 3 tsp/1tbs = 12 tsp
• 3 pt = ______oz
• Conversion factor: 1 pt = 16 oz
• 3 pt x 16oz/1pt = 48 oz
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Word Problem Practice
• A medication comes in 0.25 g or 250 mg
strengths. Which is weaker?
•
0.25g x 1000mg/g = 250 mg therefore they are same strengths
• If a patient drank 1500 ml of water, how
many L is this?
•
1500ml x 1L/1000ml = 1.5 L
• If a patient is told to take 3 tablespoons,
how many teaspoons should they take?
•
3 tbs x 3 tsp/1 tbs = 9 tsp
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What does x equal?
• One gram = x milligrams
• One liter = x milliliters
• One Meter = x millimeters
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Answer
• One gram = 1000milligrams
• One Liter = 1000 milliliters
• One meter= 1000 millimeters
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Sample prescription
Kristie Kaplan
4/4/10
1000 1st St.
NY, NY
DOB: 3/3/85
Amoxicllin 500mg PO BID x 10 days
# 20
0 Refills
Dr. Feelbettersoon
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Scenario 1
• A patient goes to the doctor and is
given a document ordering a blood
pressure medication.
– What is this document called?
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A prescription is…
• A written order for dispensing
medication by a physician, dentist or
other licensed health care
professional as allowed by law. It is a
legal document that indicates the
medication needed and the directions
for use for the patient for whom it
was prescribed.
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Scenario 2
• A doctor tells a nurse to administer 1
liter of normal saline to a
hospitalized patient. What is this
order called?
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A medical order is…
• A written or verbal order for
administration of a medication in a
health care setting. It tells the allied
health professional which medication
to administer.
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Questions
???
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Drug Classes
Chapter 18
Antibiotics
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• Antibiotic is anti + Greek bios, life so
against life.
• Produced from natural substances
including molds and bacteria.
• Inhibits growth or kills microorganisms.
• There are families of antibiotics all
similar to the original chemical, with
various properties that make them useful
for treating different types of
infections.
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When choosing an
Antibiotic
• Want maximum effect with minimal harm
to patient.
• Match bug to drug, if possible
• What is the organism, what drugs is it
sensitive to, and the host factors at the
site. Also health status of the patient
including immune status.
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Antibiotic Resistance
• The main reason for the development of
drug-resistant microbes is the
inappropriate use of antibiotics.
• The more an antibiotic is used the faster
drug resistance develops.
• Improper prescribing by health care
workers and patients not finishing the
course of therapy contribute.
• No excuse for casual or indiscriminate
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use of antibiotics.
Penicillin
– First of true antibiotics –introduced in
1940’s
– Remain the most effective and least toxic of
available antimicrobials.
– Changes in the chemical structure of the
penicillins over the years have increased
their usefulness and effectiveness in
controlling disease.
– Most generic names for penicillins end in –
cillin while many trade names have pen in
their names
• Example : penicillin V-generic, Pen-VEE-K-trade39
How Penicillins are
Classified
• Narrow-spectrum
– First generation
• Narrow-spectrum antistaphylococcal
– Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains
• Broad-Spectrum
– Second generation
– Effective against a broader spectrum
•
Extended-spectrum
– Third generation
– Wider antimicrobial action than second
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Side Effects of Penicillins
• Nausea and Vomiting (all antibiotics )
• Allergic reactions-rashes and hives
• Tend to precipitate more severe allergic
reactions than other medications
• Patients should report diarrhea, sore
mouth and tongue, hives and or itching
may be due to allergy.
•
A patient allergic to one should be
considered allergic to all
• Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.41
Tetracyclines (suffix
“cycline”)
•
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First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics
Long Acting :Doxycycline, minocycline
Short Acting : Tetracycline
Do not give with dairy products or antacids. Can
decrease effectiveness
• Harmful if used after the expiration date.
• Side effects
– Sun sensitivity
– Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8 yrs.
– Broad spectrum can cause super-infection
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Macrolide Antibiotics
•“ACE”=Azithromycin(Z-pak),
Clarithromycin (Biaxin), Erythromycin
•Useful in treating atypical infections
(ex: chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical
pneumonia, Lymes disease)
•Can be used when patient is penicillin
allergic
• Similar spectrum of activity as
penicillins, with added atypical
coverage
•SE’s: GI symptoms, headaches
Other Abx
• Floroquinolones (Cipro, Levaquin)
• Vancomycin: Toxic drug reserved for
treating serious infections (MRSA, C.
dif) in patients allergic to penicillin
Questions
???
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