Transcript Yeni Medya Hizmetleri ve Düzenlemeleri

New Media Services
& Regulations
Hasan Ali Erdem
Expert
Radio and Television Supreme Council
digitalization
2
what is new media?
refers to all those means of communication, representation and knowledge,
in which we find the digitalization of the signal and its content that,
possess dimensions of multimediality and interactivity
- digital
- interactive
- mutimedial
Source: Digital Media, Jan van Dijk, The Sage Handbook of Media Studies, 2004
3
digital migrations
4
new born-digital media
5
various appications & services
6
media
- periodic creation & dissemination of information and content
- editorial responsibility
- irrespective of the means and technology used for delivery,
which are intended for reception
- a clear impact on a significant proportion of the general public
Source: Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)15 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on measures
concerning media coverage of election campaigns
7
functions of media in a
democratic society
- the most important tool for freedom of expression in the public sphere
- enabling people to exercise their right to seek and receive information
- animate and provide a space for public debate
- offer comment and opinion as part of political dialogue
- increasing transparency and accountability
- provide education, entertainment, cultural and artistic expression
Source: Recommendation CM/Rec(2011)7 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on a new notion of media
8
types of communication
Source: New ICTs and the Problem of ‘Publicness’, Maria Heller, European Journal of Communication, 2006
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overcoming distance
10
overcoming distance & time
11
overcoming distance & time & location
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levels of social communication
Source: A New Notıon Of Medıa? Medıa and Medıa-lıke Content and Actıvıtıes on New Communıcatıon Servıces,
Karol Jakubowicz, 1st Council of Europe Conference of Ministers responsible for Media and New Communication Services, 2009
13
interactivity / overcoming distance &
time & location for two-way
14
multimediality
15
changing modes and patterns of social
communication due to new technologies
Source: McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory, Denis McQuail, Sage Publications, 2005
16
transforming traditional media
17
on-line newspapers
& news channels
18
brand-new media services
social media
social media for communication
- blogs: the huffington post
- microblogs: twitter
- social networking: facebook
social media for collaboration & sharing
information & crowdsourcing
- wikis: wikipedia
- social bookmarking: del.icio.us
social media for multimedia content
- photo: flickr
- video & music: youtube
- livecasting: justin.tv
- presentation: slide share
- virtual reality: second life
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merger of social media &
broadcasting
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public interest objectives of regulations
- protecting individual rights (freedom of expression and information, privacy,
etc.)
- ensuring a high level of protection of minors and human dignity
- maximizing individual choice and access to information
- ensuring diversity of content
- ensuring plurality of ownership
- ensuring fair and effective competition
- protecting intellectual property rights
Source: Marcelino Oreja, Seminar on ‘Self-regulation in the media'. Jointly organized by the German
Presidency of the European Union and the European Commission, 1999
21
media criteria and indicators
– intent to act as media
– purpose and underlying
objectives of media
– editorial control
– professional standards
– outreach and dissemination
– public expectation
Source: Recommendation CM/Rec(2011)7 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on a new notion of media
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regulatory context
analogue model
- scarcity and few players
(duopoly)
- one-to-many
- linear programming
- mediated consumption
environment
- national boundaries
digital model
- abundant players (branding)
- many-to-many
- convergence of sectors
- non-linear programming (on
demand)
- disintermediation and
individual consumption
environment
- transnational and global
Source: Stefaan Verhulst, About Scarcities and Intermediaries:
the Regulatory Paradigm Shift of Digital Content Reviewed,
The Handbook of New Media, Sage Publications, 2002
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self & co-regulation
advantages of self-regulation over
governmental regulation
- increased efficiency
- increased flexibility
- increased incentives for compliance
- transnational scope
- increased expertise
- reduced cost
- minimized government intrusion in the
speech field
Source: Stefaan Verhulst, About Scarcities and Intermediaries: the
Regulatory Paradigm Shift of Digital Content Reviewed, The
Handbook of New Media, Sage Publications, 2002
considerations and challenges for
self-regulation
- it is almost always a misnomer
and government involvement
usually continues
- the paradigm is different from
deregulation or non-regulation
- it involves significant
regulatory costs
- self-regulation requires active
consumer and citizen
consultation (corporatist)
- strong and committed support
or social responsibility from all
parties is necessary; free-riders
should be considered
- a balance between the carrot
and the stick may improve
effectiveness
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broadcasting in Turkey
terrestrial broadcasting
-22 national, 14 regional, 184 local, 220 tv stations in total;
-38 national, 98 regional, 922 local, 1.058 radio stations in
total.
cable casting
81 tv stations.
satellite broadcasting
265 tv stations, 49 radio stations.
IPTV
53 tv stations.
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Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA)
Annual statistics - Turkey
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Population
70.586.256
71.517.100
72.561.312
73.722.988
74.724.269
75.627.384
Mobile
Telephony
Subscriptions
61.975.807
65.287.049
62.779.556
61.769.635
65.321.745
67.680.547
Broadband
Subscriptions
4.609.085
5.986.101
6.782.657
8.561.632
14.004.459
20.005.204
396.363
1.448.020
6.454.801
12.161.900
Mobile
Broadband
Subscriptions
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facebook users
Rank
Country
Population
(2012)
Internet Users
(2012)
Facebook
Users
(2012)
%
Internet
Users
%
Facebook
Users
% Facebook Users
of Internet Users
313,847,465
245,203,319
166,029,24
0
78.13%
52.9%
67.71%
India
1,205,073,61
2
137,000,000
62,713,680
11.37%
5.2%
45.78%
3
Brazil
193,946,886
88,494,756
58,565,700
45.63%
30.2%
66.18%
4
Indonesia
248,645,008
55,000,000
51,096,860
22.12%
20.55%
92.9%
5
Mexico
114,975,406
42,000,000
38,463,860
36.53%
33.45%
91.58%
6
United Kingdom
63,047,162
52,731,209
32,950,400
83.64%
52.26%
62.49%
7
Turkey
75,749,461
36,455,000
32,131,260
45.71%
40.29%
88.14%
1
United States
2
27
twitter users
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thank you very much…
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media emergence and evolution
Source: What Media Evolution Is: A Theoretical Approach to the History of New Media,
Rudolf Stöber, European Journal of Communication 2004
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Underpinning technological changes
Source: Impacts of New Technologies on Regulatory Regimes,
Jérôme BEZZINA & Mostafa TERRAB, InfoDev and CITPO, The World bank, Global ICT Department, 2005
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