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Chapter Nineteen
India, China, and Japan:
From Medieval to Modern Times
Culture and Values
Cunningham and Reich and
Fichner-Rathus, 8th Ed.
Pre-Medieval India
500-=1000 c.e. in North & South India
establishment of major cities
Hinduism & Buddhism dominate religions
Periods of peace & prosperity linked with
religious dominance and flourishing of
culture like architecture, poetry,
Hindu temples cave temples
Statues in Copper alloys or Bronze
Seated Crowned and jeweled Buddha,
Pala period (ca. 700–1200), late 10th
century; Kurkihar style
Bihar, India
Bronze with silver, lapis lazuli, and rockcrystal inlays
Seated Buddha Expounding
the Dharma, Late
Anuradhapura period (750–
850), late 8th century
Sri Lanka
Copper alloy
Pre-Medieval India 1000-1400 c.e.
In the North, Buddhism wanes while Islam moves in with Muslim
expansion
1000-1250 miniature paintings become popular—religious manuscript
paintings. Buddhist and Jainism work: linear, flat style, and limited palette.
Jain temples erected
Urdu language develops
1225: The Qutb Minar, tallest minaret—a tower from which the adhan, or
call to prayer, is announced, built in Delhi
Pair of manuscript covers with Buddhist deities, late 11th century
Nepal Distemper on wood; Each: 2 1/8 x 22 1/8 in. (5.4 x 56.2 cm) Fletcher and Rogers F
The Qutb
Minar
Pre-Medieval India: South 1000-1400 c.e.
Buddhism declines; Islam becomes dominate
religion except for Sri Lanka
Brihadeshvara Temple 1000 ce built
1000-1300 Metal sculptures produced in
Chola kingdom
Jain temple of Mount Abu 1030 ce.
1290 Marco Polo lands in Tamil Nadu and
sails up Malabar Coast on return from China.
1343 Vijayanagar, capital city, is built
Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja), Chola
period (ca. 860–1279), ca. 11th century, Tamil
Nadu, India, Copper alloy; H. 26 7/8 in. (68.3
cm), Diam. 22 1/4 in. (56.5 cm)Gift of R. H.
Ellsworth Ltd., in honor of Susan Dillon, 1987
(1987.80.1)
Dilwara Jain Temple - Mount Abu
India: The Mughal Empire
1398 Monguls sack Dehli led by Timur
1414-1451 battles between Indian and Monguls
Babur, succeeds/son of Timur (1483-1530)
1498 Portuguese arrive on west coast of India
1510 Portuguese control of East India spice trade
1523 Battle of Panipat=rule of Mughal dynasty
Akbar (1542-1605) Akbar ruler of Mughal dynastypolicy of religious tolerance
India as center of civilization
Urdu language
Artistic blend of Hindu, Persian, and Islamic elements
India
Mughal Art
Architecture
Mosques, palaces, walled cities, forts
Indian techniques, Arabic innovations
Dome, pointed arch, minaret
Taj Mahal at Agra (Shah Jehan)
Tomb, monument for Banu Begam
19.2 The Taj Mahal, Agra, India. Built 1632–1649
India
Mughal Art
Literature
Babur’s Baba-nama (Turkish)
Literary devotion of Homayun
Poetry (Persian)
India
Mughal Art
Visual Arts
Book illustrations, miniatures
Secular
Realistic scenes from courtly life
Persian influences
calligraphy
Calligraphic dish,
'Adil Shahi period
(1490–1686), ca.
1600
India, Deccan,
Bijapur
Copper alloy; cast;
H. 1/4 in. (0.6 cm),
Diam. 5 7/8 in.
(14.9 cm)
19.3 Basawan and
Chatar Muni, Akbar
and the Elephant
Hawai, c. 1590
The Gopis Beseech Krishna to Return Their Clothing: Page from the Dispersed
"Isarda" Bhagavata Purana(Ancient Stories of Lord Vishnu), ca. 1560–65
India, probably Delhi–Agra area Ink and opaque watercolor on paper; 7 5/8 x 10 1/8
in. (19.4 x 25.7 cm) Gift of the H. Rubin Foundation, Inc. 1972 (1972.260)
Carpet with palm trees, ibexes, and birds, Mughal period (1526–1858),
late 16th–early 17th century
Present–day Pakistan, Lahore
Cotton (warp and weft), wool (pile); asymmetrically knotted pile; L. 328 in.
(833.1 cm), W. 108 in. (274.3 cm)
Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917 (17.190.858)
India
The End of Mughal Rule
and the Arrival of the British
1600 Queen Elizabeth I grants charter to East India Company
1605-1627 Jahangir succeeds Akbar: blends Indian & Persian
cultures-flourishing of art
Aurangzeb (1618-1707)
Islam vs. Hindu
Sikhism
1627-1658 Shah Jahan succeeds Jahangir-builds Taj Mahal
1641 British East India Trading Company sets up first factories
1741 Battle of Plassey: East India Company gains control of
Bengal.
India as “Jewel in the Crown” of Britain
Controlled by British government by 1849
The Glorification of Akbar:
Leaf from the Shah Jahan
Album, Mughal, period of
Jahangir (1605–27)
Attributed to Govardhan
(active ca. 1596–1645)
Ink, opaque watercolor, and
gold on paper
Four Portraits: Leaf from the
Shah Jahan Album, Mughal,
period of Jahangir (1605–27),
ca. 1610–15
By Balchand, Daulat, Murad
India
Ink, opaque watercolor, and
gold on paper
India
The Rise of Nationalism
India’s National Congress Party
Strive for self-rule
Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
Satyagraha
Visual Arts
Subodh Gupta (b. 1964)
Satyajit Ray (1921-1992)
Escapade at Night: A Nobleman Climbs a Rope to Visit His
Beloved, ca. 1800–1810 Attributed to Chokha (Indian, active 1799–
1825) India (Rajasthan, Mewar) Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold
on paper; overall 12 1/4 x 16 1/8 in. (31.1 x 41 cm)
A Syce Holding Two Carriage Horses, mid-19th
century India (Calcutta) Ink and opaque watercolor on
paper; 12 x 20 in. (30.5 x 50.8 cm)
View of a Mosque and Gateway in Motijhil Bengal, British period (1858–
1947), ca. 1814–23 Attributed to Sita Ram (Indian, active 1814–23) India,
Bengal Opaque watercolor on paper; painting: H. 13 in. (33 cm), W. 19 1/4 in.
(48.9 cm)
Pavement School,
Jaipur, 1948 Henri
Cartier–Bresson
(French, 1908–2004)
India
Gelatin silver print; 13
7/16 x 8 7/8 in. (34.2 x
22.6 cm)
Chess Players, Banaras Floods, 1967, printed 1991
Raghubir Singh (Indian, 1942–1999) Chromogenic print; 10 x 14 7/8 in.
(25.4 x 37.8 cm)
19.6 Subodh Gupta, Silk Route, 2007
Japan
Early Japanese History and Culture
Capital from Nara to Kyoto
Shift from Buddhism to Shintoism
Japanese writing system, literature
Poetry
Theater (Noh plays)
Murasaki’s novel Tale of Genji
Shonagon’s pillow-book
Japan
The Period of Feudal Rule
Kakamura (1185)
Samurai-dokoro, Shogun
Control of samurai
Rise of the warrior class
Age of the Warring States (1467-1568)
Daimyo vs. Shogun
Introduction of firearms
Japan
The Period of Feudal Rule
Landscapes, portraits, and narrative
scrolls
The Three Sacred Shrines at Kumano
Homage to Japanese landscape
The Sage Kuya Invoking the Amida
Buddha
Realism
Attempt to render speech
19.20 The Three Sacred
Shrines at Kumano:
Kumano Mandala, ca.
1300
Japan
The Edo Period
Rule of the Tokugawa family (1543-1868)
Japanese versions of landscapes
Gentler colors, heightened abstraction
Hasegawa Tohaku (1760-1849)
Woodblock art
Hokusai Katsushika (1760-1849)
19.22 Hasegawa Tohaku, Pine Forest, late 16th century
19.23 Katsushika Hokusai, Under the Wave Off Kanagawa, c.
1831
Japan
The Edo Period
Basho’s Haiku
Buddhist, Zen Buddhist reflections
Crucial detail of landscapes
Saikaku, Life of an Amorous Woman
Overt eroticism, tales of homosexuality
Monzaemon, The Love Suicide at Amijima
Kabuki drama
Modern Japan:
The Meiji
Commodore Perry, trade with America
Mitsuhito’s “Enlightened Government”
Radical program of reform
Strong central government
Military program
Industrialization
Japan
Contemporary Japanese Arts
Akira Kurosawa (Japan)
Rashomon (1950), Seven Samurai (1954),
Kagemusha (1980), Throne of Blood
(1957), Ran (1985)
Hybridity in the Visual Arts
Godzilla: King of the Monsters!
Takashi Murakami (b. 1962)
Pop art
Chapter Nineteen: Discussion Questions
To what extent did religious and cultural tolerance of the Moghal
empire affect the arts of the period? Explain, citing specific
examples. What was the effect of a loss of tolerance?
What were the positive effects of China’s resistance to Western
cultural influences? How did the country’s isolation ultimately
serve to undo it political and social stability? Explain.
What was the function of art in Communist China? Explain.
What was the result of outside influence into Japanese culture
during the Period of Feudal Rule and beyond into the Meiji?
Consider the far-reaching effects (both positive and negative) of
this influence to the people and culture of Japan.
China
The Song Dynasty
Instituted civil-service examinations
Meritocracy
Ability and education important
Created printing with moveable type
Magnetic compasses
Song Dynasty Art
Fan Kuan (ca. 960-1030)
Monumental style
Zhou Jichang
19.7 Travelers
Among
Mountains and
Streams, ca.
1000
China
The Ming Dynasty
Political, economic stability
Cultural enrichment
Confucianism
New literary genres
Huaben
Novels
Stage plays
China
The Ming Dynasty
Art and Architecture
Landscape paintings
Human form in natural setting
Artistic attitudes
“change within tradition”
No distinctions between major art forms
Painted ceramicware, “China”
Lacquerware
19.10 Lacquerware table with drawers, ca. 1426-1435
China
The Ming Dynasty
Art and Architecture
Architecture tied to Confucianism
Kublai Khan (c. 1216-1294)
Marco Polo (c. 1254-1324)
The Forbidden City
South vs. North
Traditional symbolic values
19.12 Hall of Supreme Harmony, The Forbidden City, Beijing,
China
China
The Qing Dynasty
Kangxi (1654-1722)
Synthesized local, central administration
Introduced Western arts, education
Jesuit missionaries
Qing Dynasty Literature
300 Tang Poems
Qing Dynasty Art
Further developed porcelain ceramics
Shitao (1641-1707)
19.13 Thousand
Flowers vase,
1736-1795
19.14
Shitao,“River-bank of
Peach Blossoms,” ca.
1700
The Qing Dynasty:
China and the Western Powers
Western Trade and Chinese Independence
Opium War (1839-1842)
Internal rebellions weakened gov’t
Tai Ping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion
The Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule
Republican Revolution
Sun Yat-sen
Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Tse-tung
19.15 “Women Hold Up
Half of Heaven and,
Cutting Through
Mountains and Rivers,
Change to a New
Attitude,” 1970
China Today
21st century economic powerhouse
Hybrid communist/capitalist system
Some artists restricted and have lost
privileges
Zhang Xiogang (b. 1958)
Luo Brothers
Boomtowns for contemporary architecture
Oriental Pearl Broadcasting Tower
Jin Mao Tower
19.17 Luo Brothers, Welcome The World Famous Brand, 2000
19.18 Oriental Pearl
Broadcasting Tower
(left) and Jin Mao
Tower (right)