Transcript US History-Honors

U.S. History 101
Chapter 10 Democracy in America
“as real a revolution in the
principles of our government
as that of 1776 was in its form”
- Jefferson
• Nasty campaign
• Jefferson wins after 36
ballots in the House
• Importance:
Peaceful transition
of power
• Led to passage of
12th Amendment
Jefferson’s Presidency
•Reduced the amount of taxes paid to the Federal Government
•Cut the size of the federal bureaucracy
•Cut the size of the Army to 3000 men
•Judiciary Act 1789
creates 3 circuit courts and 13 district
courts. All headed by the Supreme Court. Also states the
Supreme Court would settle differences between state and
federal laws.
•Judiciary Act 1801
Decreased the number of Supreme Court
justices and increased the number of Federal Judges
Marbury v. Madison
•Adams filled judicial post with Federalist
•Adams appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice
•William Marbury justice of the peace for DC
•Jefferson tried to deny appointments from Adams
•Secretary of State James Madison never delivered the official papers
giving Marbury his authority
•Marbury sued Madison
•Marshall declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
•Established “Judicial Review”
Louisiana Purchase 1803
•Land Act of 1800:
Americans were able to buy land in small
parcels and on credit
•Napoleon:
French controlled the Mississippi River
Charged Americans to traders
•James Monroe:
Sent to Paris to purchase New Orleans for up
to $10 million
•Napoleon wanted to sell the Louisiana region
for $15 million
• Jefferson dramatically increased both the National
Debt and the size of the United States.
• The Constitution did not mention the purchase of
foreign lands
• Increases the power of the Executive Branch.
• Develops the concept of Manifest Destiny
•Expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
•There goal was to explore the new territory: Scientific and commercial
•Left from St. Louis
•Sacajawea:
Shoshone Tribe and Interpreter
•Demonstrated the possibility of overland travel to the Pacific Coast
•Americans territory was destine to reach the West
Battle of Tippecanoe 11/7/1811
•Tecumseh:
Shawnee in the Indiana
Territory
•U.S. Government convinced a small population
of Natives to sell of parts of their land
•He protested to then Governor William Henry
Harrison
•Tenskwatawa attacked Harrison’s militia and
soldiers of 1000 men.
•Neither side won
•Destroyed Native relations
War of 1812
• 1812-1814; U.S. vs. Britain & natives
• Causes
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British support of Natives attacking U.S.
Anger over impressments
Embargo Act of 1807 – U.S. stops trading with all nations
Economic recession in America; Depression in Britain
• Britain burns Washington, D.C.
• Hartford Convention (1814) – New England
threatens to secede
• Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814) ends war.
 Old boundaries restored.
• Battle of New Orleans (Jan. 1815)
 U.S. defeats British
 Makes Andrew Jackson a national hero
Battle of Baltimore
• British
bombardment of
Fort McHenry
• Francis Scott Keys
• Star-Spangled
Banner
By Gilbert Stuart
After the War
• Panic of 1819 – economic depression hits
• Missouri Compromise (1820)
• Republican Virtues – self-reliance, hard work,
frugality, harmony, and sacrificing individual needs for
the common good.
• US population
 1780 – 2.7 million
 1830 – 12 million
 Why? Average birthrate ~5 children
• Effects of a Mobile Society
 Great opportunity to improve your life
 Improved social skills to deal with new people and
settings
• Marriage
 Courtship – longer periods of getting to know
potential spouse
The Triumph of Democracy
• After the original 13
States, there was no
requirement of owning
property to vote.
• “non-freeholders”
• By 1829 only Virginia,
NC, and RI had
property requirements
• Personal
independence
necessary was the
requirement to vote
by 1860.
Tocqueville on Democracy
• Alexis de
Tocqueville
• French writer wrote
Democracy in
America
• More then just the
right to vote or
particular set of
political institutions
• “habit of the heart”
• 1840 90% adult
white men were
eligible to vote
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Individual initiative
Belief in equality
Active public sphere
Voluntary organization to
improve society
• Idea that
sovereignty belongs
to the mass of
ordinary citizens
• Founding Fathers
sought to sheild
political authority
form excessive
influence by
ordinary people.
Voting Requirements in the
Early 19th Century
Limits of Democracy
• By the 1830s
Andrew Jackson’s
presidency “The
People” ruled had
become a
universally accepted
part of American
politics
• Prohibited women
and non-whites
Information Revolution
• Mass-circulation
“penny press”
• New York Sun and
New York Herald:
introduced a new
style of journalism
• Sensationalism
• Crime stories
• expose-s of official
misconduct
• By 1840
• U.S. 17 million pop
• Europe 233 million
pop
• There was a larger
circulation of
newspapers in the
U.S.
The Pony Express
• Delivered news and mail
between St. Louis, MO and
San Francisco, CA
• Took 10 days
• Replaced by the
transcontinental telegraph
line
• Political Parties need
newspapers
supported their
views
• 1820s and 1830s
• Freedom’s Journal
• The Liberator
• Cherokee Phoenix
A Racial Democracy
• White actors in
blackface
• Portraying AfricanAmericans as
stupid, dishonest,
ridiculous
• Jim Crow: created
by Thomas D. Rice
• Herman Melville
Moby Dick and
Benito Cereno
• Portrayed complex,
sometimes heroic
black characters
Race and Class
• New York 1821
• Removed property
qualifications for
white voters and
raised requirement
for blacks to $250.
• 1860, blacks could
vote on the same
basis as whites only
in 5 NE States
• Revolutionary generation
had thought of AfricanAmericans as “citizens of
color” potential members of
the body politic
• Race had replaces class as
the boundary between those
American men who were
entitled to enjoy political
freedom and those where
were not.
The American System
• First Bank of the
United States ended
in 1811: ended
common currency
• Second Bank of the United
States 1816 charter for 20
years
• Private, profit-making
corporation
• Ensuring paper money
issued by local banks had
real value
• Today: only the
federal government
issues paper money
determined by the
Federal Reserve
Bank
• 19th century
currency was a
promissory note
back by gold.
Acquisition of Florida
Seminole War of 1818
Adams-Onís Treaty
• Pinckney Treaty
1795
• 1810 Americans moved into
eastern and western Florida
• Rebellions in South America
• March 1818: General
Jackson, promised the
procession of Florida within
60 days
1. Southern
Boundaries
2. U.S. Citizens free
use of the Miss River
3. Spain and U.S.
• Burned Seminole villages,
agreed to control
captured Spanish towns
the Native
population from
• Spain agreed to cede the
territory
attacking each other
Acquisition of Florida
Seminole War of 1818
Adams-Onís Treaty
Missouri Compromise 1820
• North Congressmen
rejected Missouri
entering as a slave
state.
• Worried that another
slave state would
increase the power of
the South in the Senate
• 11 Free 11 Slave
• Southerners
believed the Federal
Government should
no be allowed to
decide.
• IF the Federal
Government could
forbid slavery in
Missouri, they
feared it could do so
elsewhere
Henry Clay’s deal
1. Slavery would not be
restricted in Missouri,
Maine became a Free
State, and balanced
the Senate 12 to 12
2. Congress agreed that
as the U.S. expanded
westward, territories
north of 36 30’
latitude in the
Louisiana Purchase
would be closed to
slavery
“Our policy, in regard to Europe…is, not to interfere in the
internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the
government de facto as the legitimate government for
us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve
those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy;
meeting, in all instances, the just claims of every power;
submitting to injuries from none…It is impossible that
the allied powers should extend their political system to
any portion of either continent, without endangering
our peace and happiness.”
-President James Monroe
December 2, 1823
“Monroe Doctrine”
Monroe Doctrine 12/2/1823
1. U.S. would not become involved In internal
affaires of European countries, nor take
sides
2. U.S. recognized the existing colonies and
states in the Western Hemisphere and
would not interfere with them
3. The U.S. would not permit any further
colonization of the Western Hemisphere
4. Any attempt by European power to take
control of any nation in the W.H. would be
viewed as a hostile action towards the U.S.
Elections of 1824
• “Corrupt Bargain”
• Andrew Jackson
won the most votes
in the electoral
college, but not the
majority and the
popular vote
• House of
Representative voted to
decide the lection
• Henry Clay used his
influence as speaker of
the House to swing
enough votes to John
Quincy Adams to give
him the victory
• Adams made Secretary
of State
• Andrew Jackson
• John Quincy Adams
• First Picture ever
taken of a President
 John Quincy Adams
 Along with Sec. of State Henry Clay, promotes American
System which saw govt promote economic development and
pass protective tariffs encouraging business growth
• Democratic (Jeffersonian) Republican Party splits
 Jacksonian Democrats
 National Republicans
• 1828 – Andrew Jackson wins
 Largely due to relaxing voting laws
(i.e. you no longer had to own land)
Henry Clay
“The Great Compromiser”
Age of Jackson
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“The Spoils System” aka patronage
Relied on his “Kitchen Cabinet”
Vetoed more bills than all presidents before him.
Nullification Crisis
Andrew Jackson
 Congress passed the Tariff of 1828 heavily taxing imports
 Hurt the South since it increased the cost of manufactured goods.
Called it the “Tariff of Abominations.”
 South Carolina, led by VP and ex-Sen. John Calhoun declared states
could nullify federal laws they viewed as unconstitutional
 In 1832, they nullified a new tariff and threatened to secede
 Jackson threatened to send in troops, but Henry Clay negotiated a
compromise reducing the tariff and SC cancelled the nullification
• Vetoed a bill re-chartering the Second Bank of the United
States
 Moved money to pet banks in the states. The lack of a plan to deal
with national finances led to the Panics of 1837 and 1839.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
“Five Civilized
Tribes”
•Cherokee,
Creek, Choctaw,
Chickasaw, and
Seminole tribes
forced of 100
million acres of
fertile land
•Gave Natives
land in parts of
the Louisiana
Purchase in
exchange fore
their land
Forcibly
moved to
present day
OK
100,000
people
Trail of Tears
1838 – 15,000 Cherokees are forced to walk over 1,000
miles from GA to OK
 25% die.
•Supreme Court Cases
•Johnson v. M’Intosh
1823
•Indians were not in
fact owners of their
land, but merely had
“right of occupancy”
•Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1831
•Chief Justice John
Marshall described
Indians as “wards” of the
federal government:
deserved paternal regard
and protection, but no
citizenship