Transcript Cold War Conflicts

Cold War
Conflicts
What do you do when a friend
is accused?
Origins of the Cold War
Main Idea
The U.S. and the Soviet Union emerged from
WW II as two “superpowers” with vastly
different political and economic systems.
Why it Matters Today
After WW II, differences between the U.S. and
the Soviet Union led to a Cold War that
lasted almost to the 21st century.
Examine the Issues
• Do Americans with communist beliefs
pose a threat to the nation?
• What can individual citizens do to
protect the rights of all people?
• Should citizens speak out to preserve
the rights of others?
Former Allies Clash
• The U.S. and the Soviet Union had very
different ambitions for the future. These
differences created a tension that plunged
the two countries into a bitter rivalry.
• The United Nations
– April 25, 1945-50 nations met in S.F.
– June 26, 1945- UN is chartered
• Truman Becomes President
• The Potsdam Conference
– U.S., G.B., Soviet Union met in Postdam
– Soviets block free elections
POTSDAM (Germany)
Date: July 1945
Present: Churchill,
Truman and Stalin
Tension Mounts
• Stalin’s refusal to allow free elections in
Poland convinced Truman that U.S. and
Soviet aims were deeply at odds.
Tension Mounts
Bargaining
At Potsdam
Reparations
U.S. interest abroad
Soviets Grip
Eastern Europe
U.S
Containment
Satellite nations
George F. Kennan
Stop the spread of
Communism
“Iron Curtain”
UN vs. NATO?
What’s the difference between the UN and NATO?
The UN (United Nations) is a international organization
of every recognized state, created to keep the
peace between nations and create international law
and cooperation.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a
military alliance of the United States, Canada and
most of Europe, created back in the Cold War to
counter Soviet and Communist power. It now
consists of 26 nations.
U.S. Aims vs. Soviet Aims
• The US wanted to…
– Create a new world
order w/self
determination
– Gain access to raw
materials and
markets
– Rebuild European
governments for
American goods
– Reunite Germany
• The Soviet Union…
– Encourage
communism in other
countries
– Rebuild Eastern
Europe w/industrial
equipment & raw
materials
– Control Eastern
Europe to balance
U.S. influence in
Western Europe
– Keep Germany
divided, so it
wouldn’t be a threat
Europe after World War II
Cold War in Europe
• The conflicting U.S. and Soviet aims in Eastern
Europe led to the Cold War, a conflict between
the U.S. and the Soviet Union, in which neither
nation conflicted each other on the battlefield.
• The Truman Doctrine
– Truman asked Congress for $400 million to help
Greece and Turkey.
– US policy to help free people who are resisting
communist takeover
• The Marshall Plan
– George Marshall, Sec. of State
– The U.S. to provide aid to all European nations that
needed it.
– 1948-1952- 16 countries received some $13 billion
in aid
Marshall Plan to Aid Europe,
1948-1952
Superpowers Struggle over
Germany
• As Europe began to get back on its feet, the
U.S. and its allies clashed with the Soviet
Union over the issue of German
reunification.
NATO
Alliance
Berlin
Airlift
Improve your knowledge
• The Russians took very high casualties to
capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent
the early occupation trying to take over all
zones of the city but were stopped by
German democrats such as Willy Brandt
and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the
Russians had to admit the Americans,
French and British to their respective
zones.
Origins of the Cold War
Review
• What were the goals of U.S. foreign
policy in the Cold War?
– To encourage democracy; to gain access
to raw materials and markets; to rebuild
Europe; to contain Soviet expansion.
• Describe the Truman doctrine and how
America reacted to it.
– A policy of helping countries resist
Communist takeover; strongly supported
by Americans.
The Cold War Heats Up
Main Idea
After World War II, China became a
communist nation and Korea was into
a communist north and a democratic
south.
Why it Matters Today
Ongoing tensions with China and North
Korea continue to involve the United
States
China Becomes a Communist
Country
• For two decades, Chinese communist
had struggled against the nationalist
government of Chiang Kai-shek.
• The U.S. had supported Chiang during
WWII.
• Chiang’s government undermined
Nationalist support.
• Mao Zedong gained support of
communism throughout the country.
Renewed Civil War
• As soon as the defeated Japanese left China
at the end of WW II, cooperation between
the Nationalists and the Communists
ceased.
• From 1944-1947, the U.S. played the
peacemaker while supporting the
Nationalists.
• May 1949- Chiang and others fled to the
Island of Taiwan or Formosa.
• China became a communist country, which
was called the People’s Republic of China.
• America Reacts to Communist Takeover
– Conservative Republicans blamed Truman for
only supplying limited aid.
The Korean War
• As WW II ended, Japanese troops north of the 38th
parallel surrendered to the Soviets. South of the
parallel they surrendered to the Americans.
• U.S. cuts back on troops in South Korea
• Soviets backed North Korea
• North Korea attacks South Korea
– June 25, 1950- North Korean forces swept
across the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on
South Korea
– U.N. backs South Korea
– 16 nations sent 520,000 troops; 90% were
Americans
– Under the command of Gen. Douglas MacArthur
The Korean War, 1950-1953
The U.S. Fights in Korea
• At first, North Korea seemed unstoppable.
MacArthur’s
Counterattack
Chinese
Fight Back
Stalemate
Korean
War
MacArthur
Vs
Truman
Recommendation
To Attack China
The Cold War Heats Up
Review
• What global events led to U.S.
involvement in Korea?
– Communist victory in China; North
Korea’s attack on South Korea
• What issue between General Douglas
MacArthur and President Truman
eventually cost MacArthur his job?
– Truman wanted limit the Korean War to
Korea. MacArthur wanted to bomb and
invade China.
The Cold War at Home
Main Idea
During the late 1940’s and early 1950’s,
fear of communism led to reckless
charges against innocent citizens.
Why it Matters Today
Americans today remain vigilant about
unfounded accusations.
Fear of Communism
• In the early years of the Cold War, many Americans
believed that there was good reason to be
concerned about the security of the U.S.
• During WW II, there were about 80,000 Americans
that claimed membership in the Communist party.
Fear of
Communism
Loyalty Review
Board
House UN-American
Activities Comm.
McCarran Act
Investigate
Gov. employees
Communist influence
In the movie industry
1947- Hollywood Ten
“Blacklist”
Unlawful to establish a
Totalitarian gov. in the
U.S.
Spy Cases Stun the Nation
• Two spy cases added to fear that was spreading like
an epidemic across the country:
• Alger Hiss
– 1948- former Communist spy Whitaker Chambers accused
Alger Hiss of spying for the Soviet Union.
– Hiss proclaims his innocence.
– Richard Nixon pursues the charges
• The Rosenbergs
– Soviets exploded an atomic bomb on Sept. 3, 1949
– 1950- German-born Klaus Fuchs admitted giving
information about atomic bomb to Soviets
– Ethel and Julius Rosenberg-American Communist Party
– Found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death
McCarthy Launches His “Witch
Hunt”
• The most famous anti-Communist activist
was Senator Joseph McCarthy, a
Republican from Wisconsin.
McCarthyism
McCarthy’s
Tactics
McCarthy’s
Downfall
Other Communist
Measures
Accusations
Of Communist in the
State Dept.
1954-Accusations
against the U.S. Army
1953-39 states passed laws
Making it illegal to advocate
The overthrow of Gov.
The Cold War
Review
• What actions of Joseph McCarthy
worsened the national hysteria about
communism?
– McCarthy’s allegation of Communists in
government and in the armed forces.
• How did the Rosenberg case fuel anticommunist feelings?
– The Rosenberg case involved transfer of
nuclear secrets to the Soviets; Americans
feared any Soviet influence in the U.S.
and their possession of nuclear weapons.
Two Nations Live on the Edge
Main Idea
During the 1950’s, the U.S. and the
Soviet Union came to the brink of
nuclear war.
Why it Matter Today
The Cold War continued into the
following decades, affecting U.S.
policies in Cuba, Central America,
Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.
Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy
• The nuclear arms race began during Truman’s
presidency.
• Soviets exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949.
• Race for the H-Bomb
–
–
–
–
Hydrogen Bomb “H-Bomb”
67 times stronger than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima
U.S. vs. Soviet Union in a race
Nov. 1, 1952- U.S. wins, exploded the 1st H-Bomb
• Policy of Brinkmanship
– Dwight D. Eisenhower-President
– John Foster Dulles-Sec. of State
• Dulles wanted to use all force , including nuclear weapons,
against any aggressor
– Brinkmanship- a policy of all out war
• Army & Navy scaled down and the Air Force increased.
– Schoolchildren practiced air-raids procedures
– Families built fallout shelters
Improve your knowledge
• The nuclear bomb gave America a lead
which was expected to last at least 5
years. The rapid Russian development of
nuclear technology, helped by the work of
the “atom spies” was a shock.
Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared
war against Japan at the beginning of
August 1945 and rushed to advance into
Asia to stake out a position for the postwar settlement. This helped make both the
Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more
likely.
The Cold War Spreads Around
the World
• As the nation shifted to a dependence on
nuclear arms, the Eisenhower administration
began to rely heavily on the recently formed
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for
information.
• Covert Actions in the Middle East & Latin
America
– 1951-Mohammed Mossadegh nationalized Iran’s
oil fields
– Great Britain stopped buying Iranian oil
– 1953- CIA gave millions of $ to anti-Mossadegh
supporters.
– CIA supported the Shah of Iran
– 1954-Guatemala
Cold War Spreads Around the
World- cont’
Cold War
Warsaw Pact
1955
Linked Soviet Union
With 7 other countries
Geneva
1955
Suez War
1955
“Open Skies”
Aswan Dam
Gamel Abdel-Nasser
GB, FR, & Israel
• The Eisenhower Doctrine
– Jan. 1957- U.S. would defend the Middle
East against an attack by any Communist
country.
• The Hungarian Uprising
– Hungarians revolted in 1956
– Imre Nagy-Communist leader promised
free elections
– Nov. 1956- Soviets send in troops
– Soviets overthrow Nagy and place Soviet
leaders in charge.
– U.S. did nothing to help Hungary
The Cold War Takes to the Skies
• Nikita Khrushchev
became the new
leader in the Soviet
Union upon Stalin’s
death in 1953.
• Khrushchev wanted
a peaceful
coexistence.
Renewed
Confrontation
The Space
Race
Sputnik
U-2
Shot
Down
Francis Gary Powers
Two Nations Live on the Edge
Review
• How did the U.S., including the CIA,
wage the Cold War in the 1950’s?
– By sponsoring covert actions to overthrow
governments unfriendly to the United
States.