Transcript Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Republic

Triumphs and Travails
of Jeffersonian Republic
Chapter 11
1800-1812
Federalists vs. Republicans
 Election of 1800: Jefferson vs. Adams
 “whispering campaign”
 Jefferson accused of having an affair w/ one of his slaves
 Sally Hemings
Election of 1800
 Jefferson wins by majority
 Aaron Burr serves as vice president
 Tied w/ Jefferson in electoral college
 Decision goes to House of Representatives, choose
Jefferson
 “Revolution of 1800”
 Overthrow of Federalist
 First party overturn
Jeffersonian Restraint
 Pardoned prisoners of Alien & Sedition Acts
 Naturalization Law of 1802- reduced requirement of
14 years of residence to previous 5 years.
 Did away w/ excise tax
 Albert Gallatin- Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson;
 believed national debt wasn't a blessing
 reduced the national debt w/ strict economy
Judiciary
 Judiciary Act of 1801
 Midnight Judges
 “Packing” to entrench their party in judiciary branch
 John Marshall- Federalist judge who was not removed
 James Madison- New secretary of state
Marbury v. Madison
 Madison cut judge Marbury's salary; Marbury sued
James Madison for his pay.
 Court ruled that Marbury had right to his pay but court
did not have the authority to force Madison to give
Marbury his pay.
 Decision showed that the Supreme Court had the final
authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution
(JUDICIAL REVIEW)
Jefferson, A Reluctant Warrior
 Made military smaller
 Barbary States
 leader of Tripoli informally declared war on the United
States.
 Jefferson sent navy to Tripoli & after 4 years of fighting,
a deal was reached.
 U.S. paid Tripoli $60,000 for the release of captured
Americans.
Louisiana
 Napoleon convinced king of Spain to give Louisiana
land area to France in 1800
 Jefferson sends Monroe to join Livingston in France to
buy as much lands as they could for 10 million
 Napoleon gives up dream of world empire & agrees to
sell for 2 reasons:
1. Failed to re-conquer island of Santo-Domingo (LA to
serve as source of foodstuffs)
2. Britain controlled seas; didn’t want to give LA to Britain;
would rather have US money
Louisiana
 Robert Livingston & James Monroe negotiated in Paris
for the Louisiana land area
 Signed treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the
United States for $15 million.
 Americans signed 3 treaties and got much land to the
west of the Mississippi. 820,000 square miles at 3
cents/acre.
 Jefferson sent his personal secretary, Meriwether
Lewis, and William Clark to explore the northern part of
the Louisiana Purchase.
Louisiana Purchase
 Doubled size of United States
 Strict constructionist
 Precedent: acquisition of foreign territory by purchase
 Lewis & Clark: 2 ½ year expedition
 Scientific observation of Indians in the region
 “immense herds of buffalo, elk, deer, and antelope
feeding in one common and boundless pasture”
Aaron Burr Conspiracies
 Dropped from cabinet during Jefferson’s second term
 Plotted secession of New England & New York
 Hamilton exposed the plot
 Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel
 Burr kills Hamilton w/ one shot
 Leads to demise of his political career
Burr Conspiracy
 General James Wilkinson- corrupt military governor of
Louisiana Territory
 Planned (w/ Burr) to separate the western part of the
United States from the East & invade Spanishcontrolled Mexico and Florida
 betrayed Burr when he learned that Jefferson knew of
the plot
 Burr was acquitted of the charges of treason by
Marshall & he fled to Europe.
Neutral America
 Jefferson reelected in 1804 by a HUGE margin (16214; Charles Pinckney)
 England: power of seas; France: power of Land;
America: neutral
 Orders in Council, 1806- closed the European ports
under French control to foreign shipping (includes
Americans)
 No way to trade w/ either nation without fighting
 Impressment
Embargo
 Weak navy & weak army
 Embargo Act- Forbade the export of all goods from the
United States
 Peaceful coercion
 What were the effects of the Embargo Act in the United
States?
 Non-Intercourse Act- formally reopened trade with all
nations of the world except France & Britain
 Replaces Embargo Act
 Ineffective; leads to War of 1812
Why did the Embargo fail?
 Underestimated determination of the British
 Overestimated the dependence of Britain and France
on American trade
 Miscalculated unpopularity & difficulty of enforcement
Madison
 James Madison became president on March 4, 1809
 Macon’s Bill No. 2
 British refuse to revoke Orders in Council (had control
of seas)
 Madison reestablished embargo against Britain alone
 End of American neutrality  War of 1812
Tecumseh & The Prophet
 War Hawks
 Tecumseh & The Prophet (Tenskatawa) unified Indian
tribes in a last-ditch battle w/ settlers; allied w/ British
 Battle of Tippecanoe
 William Henry Harrison
Mr. Madison’s War
 On June 1, 1812, Madison asked Congress to declare
war on the British & it agreed.
 The Democratic-Republicans who supported the war
("war hawks") felt that the country had to assert
American rights to the world.
 wanted to invade Canada, the Indians' stronghold, bc the
Indians were being armed by British to attack the settlers.
 The Federalists were opposed because they supported
Britain.