Transcript Dawn of the Jeffersonian Republic

Dawn of the Jeffersonian
Republic
“Federalists-R.I.P.”
Federalists and Republican
Mudslingers:
• Adams and Jefferson
were the two front
runners in 1800 (for
president)
• Federalists’ Alien and
Sedition Acts aroused
many enemies
• Hamiltonian wing,
robbed of war with
France, split with
Adams
• “Whisper
Campaigns”
Federalist and Republican Mudslingers:
• Major blow: Adams
refused to have
France War.
• Preparations
increased public
debt and caused
new taxes.
(unnecessary)
• Federalists trash
Jefferson for his
religious, liberal,
and slave rumors.
The Jeffersonian Revolution of
1800
• Jefferson’s votes
came from south,
west, and New York
• Jefferson had same
electoral votes as
Aaron Burr; decided
by the House
• Body controlled by
Federalists-wanted
Burr
• Jefferson called it a
revolution/ peaceful
and orderly transfer
Jeffersonian Restraint:
• Jefferson determined to undo the Federalist abuses
begotten by the anti-French hysteria.
• Alien and Sedition Acts expired
• Martyrs were pardoned, government remitted fines
• Jeffersonian enacted the Naturalization Law of 1802:
reduced the unreasonable requirement of fourteen years
of residence to the previous and more reasonable
requirement of five years
• Jefferson hated “excise tax” which bred bureaucrats and
bore heavily on his farmer following
– Cost government 1 million dollars in revenue
The “Dead Clutch” of the
Judiciary:
• “Deathbed” Judiciary Act of 1801 one
of the last important laws passed by
the expiring Federalist Congress
• Created 16 new federal judgeships and
other judicial offices
• “Signed, sealed but not delivered”
• John Marshall (Federalist), cousin of
Jefferson, dominated the Supreme
Court with powerful intellect and
commanding personality
• Shaped the American Legal tradition
more profoundly than any other single
figure
On his last day in office, Adams
stayed until 9 supposedly
signing the commissions of these
new judges; therefore, they got
the name “midnight judges.”
Continued…..
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One of the “midnight judges” William
Marbury sued when he found out
James Madison, secretary of state,
didn’t deliver his appointment
This famous case of Marbury v.
Madison (1803) magnifies the
authority of the Court.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
controversy had clouded the question
of who had the final say of the
constitution
Judicial Review: idea that the Supreme
Court alone had the last wordAMAZING PRECEDENT-SERIOUSLYNO JOKE!-For REAL-4 Life
Jefferson, a reluctant warrior…
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First action: reduce the military establishment of a mere police force of
twenty-five hundred officers and men
Hoped that America might transcend the bloody wars and entangling
alliances of Europe
Republicans distrusted large standing armies/navies less to be feared
War came across the Atlantic, Jefferson hadn’t planned it.
Continued….
• Pasha (Bashaw) of Tripoli declared
war 1801/dissatisfied with his share
of money
• Jefferson dispatched the infant navy
to the “shores of Tripoli”
• Treaty of peace-four years later
(1805)
• RANSOM-20% at one point
• Advocated a large number of little
coastal craft- “Jeffs” or “mosquito
fleet”
• 200 gunboats constructed
The Louisiana Godsend:
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In 1800, the king of Spain gave the Louisiana region to Napoleon.
Napoleon controlling Louisiana to Americans would lead to a blood
drenched future
In 1803, Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to join Robert Livingston on
a mission to by New Orleans and as much land to the east for $10 million
If the proposal fail- Jefferson form alliance with Britain (not good)
Miraculously, Napoleon sold all of Louisiana and abandoned his empire
Why?
Reasons for Napoleon Selling
Louisiana
• 1. He had failed to conquer sugar-rich Santo Domingo, which
Louisiana would supply goods.
– Toussaint L’Ouverture led a group of ex-slaves who put up a
stubborn resistance on the island that was ultimately broken. He
did much to set up the sale of Louisiana to the United States.
– Yellow fever mosquitoes were another defensive line.
• 2. Napoleon was about to end 20 month lull with Britain. Since they
control the seas, he was afraid he would have to surrender
Louisiana.
– He hoped selling it to the United States would allow them to be
stronger and become a strong military and naval power against
the British.
Louisiana in the Long View
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By gaining Louisiana, Americans
secured the western half of the
richest river valley in the world and
further laid the foundation of a
future major power.
It lay the precedent for the
acquisition of foreign territory and
peoples by purchase.
In the spring of 1804, Jefferson sent
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
to explore the new territory.
They crossed the Missouri River,
went through the Rockies, and
descended down the Columbia
River to the Pacific coast.
In 1805-1806, Zebulon M. Pike
explored the Southern portion of
the Louisiana Territory and named
the Colorado peak.
The Aaron Burr Conspiracies
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Expanded the fortunes of the
United States , but raised fears of
succession.
Burr plotted to separate New
England and New York but was
halted by Hamilton in a duel.
Result: Burr killed Hamilton and
ended the Federalists hope of
effective leadership.
He then plotted with Wilkinson’s
army to separate the western part
of the United States.
Result: In the fall of 1806, Burr and
followers went down to meet
Wilkinson but he found out
Jefferson knew and deserted Burr
Burr was arrested and tried for
treason, but Chief Justice John
Marshall claimed verdict needed
overt acts of treason. Therefore,
Burr was acquitted and fled/exiled
to Europe.
A Precarious Neutrality
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1804: Jefferson reelected with a
storm brewing in Europe
Napoleon provoked WAR with
Britain last would last for 11
years
1806 Britain issued Orders of
the Council, closed French
control ports to foreign
shipping, even America, unless
first came to British ports
1808-1811 Britain impressed US
citizens to join their navy.
1807-British demanded the
surrender of four alleged
deserters. London had never
done this, so American
commander refused the
request.
British response………..FIRE!!!!!
Jefferson declare war? No
The Hated Embargo
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Embargo Act established in
1807 forbade the export of
all goods from the United
States.
Compromise between
submission and shooting
Result: It backfired because
New England had deserted
ports, and the south and
west had piles of
unexported goods.
Because of a storm of
citizens’ anger, Congress
repealed the act on March
1, 1809.
Good-bye Embargo Hello NonIntercourse Act
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Reopened trade with all
nations EXCEPT England
and France
Why did the embargo
fail???????
First, Jefferson
underestimated Britain
dependence on American
trade.
Second, the embargo was
not carried out long
enough to be effective.
More costly than war
Embargo Brings Light
• Temporary revives the Federalist party
• New England reopens old factories and erects new
ones. The foundation for American industry.
• Eventually hurt Britain and in 1812 British suspends
Order of Council, but Congress declared war two days
later.
• So Jefferson’s plan worked but Americans were not
patient.
Madison: “Dupe of Napoleon”
• Jefferson leaves office in 1809 and left a legacy
of democratic ideals
• Jefferson successor James Madison takes the
oath on March 4, 1809.
• Failed in effective leadership, unable to
dominate his party
• Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 ends so Congress
adopts Macon’s Bill No.2
Macon’s Bill No.2 and The Master of Deceit
• If a country repealed its restrictions, America would
restore Non-importation against the Non-Repealing
nation.
• In short, bribing.
• Napoleon wanted a partial blockade against Britain so in
August of 1810, he agreed to repeal with out any
intention of doing so.
• Trying to keep American rights, Madison issue
nonimportation against Britain
War Whoops arouse the War
Hawks
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“The boys” were fired up for a war
with Britain like their fathers before
them
Wanted “Free Trade and Sailors’
Rights” even though they lived far
from the water
Believed if America could not fight to
protect its rights, other nations would
look down on its republicanism.
Eager to wipe out the renewed Indian
threat to the pioneer settlers.
Meanwhile, Indians watched as
Kentucky, which served as a buffer
and hunting reserve, was being
outnumbered by white settlers.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
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Shawnee brothers
formed a confederacy
of tribes east of the
Mississippi.
Last attempt at Indian
alliance against whites
and inspired a vibrant
movement of Indian
unity cultural
revitalization.
Urged followers to
resist white ways and
revive their traditional
culture
War Hawks Fight On
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Frontier people fear
British in Canada are
helping Indians
On November 7, 1811,
American General
William Henry Harrison
advanced upon
Tecumseh’s
headquarters at
Tippecanoe. He forced
Indians from the village
and burned it to the
ground.
In 1813, Tecumseh was
killed at the Battle of
Thames.
With him perished the
dream of an Indian
confederacy.
War Hawks Keep on Keeping
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Andrew Jackson defeated the
Creek Indians at the Battle of
Horseshoe Bend on March 12,
1814
These Indians victories end
resistance to white expansion
east of the Mississippi.
War hawks blood rises, and they
shoot to wipe out Canadian base.
They make a declaration of war in
June 1812.
However, pro-British commercial
center as well as middle Atlantic
states opposed war. The vote
showed disunity.
“Mr. Madison’s War”
(The Battle Within)
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Why fight the British instead
of the French?
– British impressments
and arming of Indians
Canada on the mind of many
Americans, who believed
taking it would be simple
Opposition: New Englanders
who were still raking in
money and Pro-British,
Napoleon despising
Federalists
Many Federalists opposed
the War of 1812 because of
the acquisition of Canada
feared an increase in
Jeffersonian Republicans.
Two enemies: Old England
and New England
Divided nation vs. World’s
Most Powerful Empire
No hope for victory