Transcript Safe for Democracy: The United States and World War I, 1916-1920

CHAPTER 19
SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY:
THE UNITED STATES AND WORLD WAR I,
1916–1920
Map 19.3 Colonial Possessions, 1900
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Map 19.1 The United States in The Caribbean, 1898-1934
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
AN ERA OF INTERVENTION

“I Took the Canal Zone”
Helped in Panamanian independence from Colombia
(1904)
 Panama Canal finished in 1914

Map 19.2 The Panama Canal Lone
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
AN ERA OF INTERVENTION

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
International police power in Western hemisphere
 Dominican Republic & Cuba


Taft – “Dollar Diplomacy”
Shaping foreign economies
 Honduras, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, and Liberia

AN ERA OF INTERVENTION: WILSON

William Jennings Bryan – Sec of State

Anti-imperialist
Against “Dollar Diplomacy”
 Moral/Ethical Imperialism
 Wilson and Mexico

1911 Revolution to overthrew dictatorship
 Military leader Huerta assassinated Madero
 Ordered troops to apprehend Pancho Villa, who had
killed Americans.

EUROPE CONFLICT

Serb patriot killed heir to the Austria-Hungary
throne
Germany and Austria-Hungary sent message to
Serbia
 Serbia backed by Russia set eyes on Germany
 Germany attacked France through Belgium
 Great Britain joined with France

Gavrilo Princip
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
EUROPE BEFORE WWI
AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR

New technology/increased death
Submarines, airplanes, machine guns, tanks and poison
gas
 10 million soldiers dead


Neutrality
Both sides wanted help
 J.P. Morgan - $2.3 billion to allied powers
 Only traded with allied powers (British blockade)
 America divided

HMS LUSITANIA
Passenger ship
 Sank off of Ireland on May 7, 1915
 1,198 killed (128 Americans)
 Germans argued ship carried ammunition

WILSON’S REACTION
Warning to Germany
 Agreed in 1915 to not sink unarmed ships
without warning
 Violated with sinking of Sussex in 1916
 Sussex ultimatum


Germany would not attack passenger ships


Accepted by Wilson
U.S. would help to remove British blockade

Not agreed upon
ELECTION OF 1916
Wilson: “He Kept us Out of War”
 Republican’s nominate Hughes


Pro-business; attacked Wilson’s foreign policy
WOODROW WILSON
January 22, 1917
 Neutral rights
 “Peace without victory”

MOVE TO WAR
January 31, 1917 – unrestricted submarine
warfare
 Wilson still wanted peace
 March 1, 1917 - Zimmerman note

German-Mexican alliance
 Recovery of TX, NM, and AZ


4 unarmed US ships sunk in March
BHCCCC
WAR!!
Declared on April 6th, 1917
 “to make the world safe for democracy”

THE 14 POINTS
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Reliance on open diplomacy rather than secret agreements.
Freedom of the seas.
Free trade.
Disarmament.
Adjudication of colonial claims with respect for the sovereignty of the
colonial peoples.
Assistance for Russia.
Respect for the integrity of Belgium.
Restoration of French territories.
Adjustment of the border of Italy based on ethnicity.
Autonomy for the peoples of Austria-Hungary.
Guarantees for the independence of the various Balkan states.
Self-determination for the peoples of the Ottoman Empire and free
passage through the Dardanelles.
Independence for Poland.
The formation of a League of Nations to guarantee independence for
all countries, large and small.
Map 19.4 World War I: The Western Front
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
GERMAN DEFEAT

Surrendered on November 11, 1918


Along 14 points
US main contributions, foodstuffs, munitions,
credits, oil, and manpower.
Only fought 2 major battles, at St. Mihiel and the
Meuse-Argonne.
◦ The prospect of endless U.S. troops, rather than
America's actual military performance eventually
demoralized the Germans.
◦

Treaty of Versailles
THE WAR AT HOME

Progressives
Supported War
 Spreading of values


The Wartime State
Selective Service Act – draft
 Army: 5 million men
 War Industries Board – production of goods
 Increased wages and working conditions

COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION
Created by George Creel
 Mobilize people for war
 “four minute men” – patriotic speeches
 Posters, pamphlets, and movies

THE WAR AT HOME

Woman’s Suffrage
Heavily supported war effort
 Shift to protests
 19th amendment (1920)


Prohibition
“Americanization”
 18th amendment (1920)

Map 19.5 Prohibition, 1915
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
LACK OF FREEDOM

The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition
Act of 1918
Eugene V. Debs convicted under the Espionage Act.
Schenck v. United States (1919): freedom of speech
could be revoked when such speech posed a danger to
the nation.
Race Problem
◦
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


Immigrant groups included
Eugenics
WHO IS AN AMERICAN?

Americanization
The Melting Pot 1908
 Assimilation or persecution
 8 million German-Americans


All things German banned
IMMIGRATION RESTRICTIONS

Immigrants must be literate

Except Mexicans
Sterilizing of mentally ill
 Puerto Rico

Required to sign up for draft
 No representation


Gentleman’s Agreement (1907)

Limited Japanese immigration
AFRICAN AMERICANS
Roosevelt: “unfit to exercise the suffrage”
 Wilson: Racial segregation in D.C.


Birth of a Nation


Glorified KKK
W. E. B. Du Bois
The Souls of Black Folk
 Niagara movement
 NAACP

WHO IS AN AMERICAN?

Great Migration


African Americans move north (1/2 million)
Racial Violence
Riots in St. Louis and Chicago
 OK: 300 killed after trying to stop lynching


The Rise of Garveyism
Marcus Garvey
 Independence and self reliance

1919

Communist Russia (USSR)
Nationalistic movements
 Red Scare
 Wilson refused to recognize


Upheaval in America

Rise in strikes
Seattle shipyard strike
 Boston police
 Coolidge fired entire force

THE GREAT STEEL STRIKE OF 1919
Chicago
 365,000 immigrant workers
 Nativism defeated strike


Blamed communism, IWW and disloyalty
1919

Versailles Treaty
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Held in secret
League of Nations
New countries
Colonial independence not fully given
France occupied iron and coal-rich areas of Germany
Limits on Germany (military & reparations)
US rejected Versailles treaty
MOVING FORWARD
US not joining League of Nations would lead to its
demise
 Isolationism
 Harding elected in 1920

America first
 From Progressivism to Conservatism
 “Return to Normalcy”
