Transcript WORLD WAR I
THE GREAT WAR & AMERICA THE WORLD WAR I ERA A22w 9.2.13 A. THE ROAD TO WAR WAR IN EUROPE AND PROBLEMS OF NEUTRALITY GUIDING QUESTION Why did the United States enter the First World War? Assess the relative influence of the following: German naval policy, American economic interests, Woodrow Wilson’s idealism, allied propaganda, America’s claim to world power European Alliances & Battlefronts, 1914-1917 THE ROAD TO WAR neutrality submarine warfare Lusitania (May 1915) Sussex Pledge (March 1916) Lusitania warning (Cobb Heritage Centre, England; photo by Larry O. Nighswander/NGS) The Lusitania in New York City (Library of Congress) THE ROAD TO WAR Unrestricted submarine warfare Zimmerman telegram Russian Revolution (1917) “The world must be made safe for democracy” (April 2, 1917) German Foreign Minister Alfred Zimmermann Wilson announcing the breaking off diplomatic relations with Germany, Feb. 3, 1917 U.S. Losses to the German Submarine Campaign, 1916-1918 B. THE US AT WAR THE FIRST WORLD WAR AT HOME AND ABROAD GUIDING QUESTION To what extent did the First World War bring about lasting change in American society? Consider: the experiences of blacks, women, civil liberties. FIGHTING THE WAR Selective Service Act (1917) convoy system American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Troops leaving for camp, 1917 John J. Pershing U.S Role on the Western Front, 1918 Economy: FINANCING THE WAR “Liberty Bonds” Economy: Production “war boards” War Industries Board Barnard Baruch Railroad Administration Food Administration – Herbert Hoover National War Labor Board - W.H. Taft & Frank P. Walsh (Ohio Historical Society) Economy & Society: Women Midval Steel and Ordnance Co., Nicetown, PA Puget Sound Navy Yard, 1919 Men’s occupations 19th Amendment Lasting Consequences? Economy & Society: African-Americans African American family just arrived in Chicago, 1912 (Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library) African American Migration Northward, 1910-1920 “Great Migration” – impact? Results of New Organization of Economy Unemployment virtually disappeared Expansion of “big government” Excessive government regulations in economy Some gross mismanagement – overlapping jurisdictions Close cooperation between public and private sectors Unprecedented opportunities for women & minorities PUBLIC OPINION & CIVIL LIBERTIES peace movement Committee on Public Information George Creel Committee for Public Information Poster, 1917 PUBLIC OPINION & CIVIL LIBERTIES Espionage Act of 1917 Sedition Act 1918 Eugene V. Debs Big Bill Haywood/IWW Schenk v. U.S. (1919) “clear and present danger” American Protective League IWW Members under arrest “one hundred percent Americanism” German-American community “Liberty cabbage” C. TREATY OF VERSAILLES WILSON'S FOURTEEN POINTS AND THE RATIFICATION FIGHT GUIDING QUESTIONS Why did the United States reject the Treaty of Versailles ending the First World War, after President Wilson helped to negotiate the Treaty? To what extent then did the U.S. achieve the objectives that led it to enter World War I? TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1. Wilson’s Vision Wilsonianism Fourteen Points WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS TREATY OF VERSAILLES 2. Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World Bolshevik The Big Four David Lloyd George Georges Clemenceau Vittorio Orlando Reparations League of Nations “Trusteeship” internationalism Treaty of Versailles Orlando, Lord George, Clemenceau, and Wilson in Wilson’s study in Paris TREATY OF VERSAILLES 3. Rejection “irreconciliables” “reservationists” Henry Cabot Lodge Henry Cabot Lodge, 1909 Wilson after his stroke, October 1919 (Library of Congress) D. SOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARS SOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARS Racial Issues Red summer of 1919 East St. Louis Riots Marcus Garvey SOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARS Post-war Labor Unrest Coal Miners Strike of 1919 Steel Strike of 1919 Boston Police Strike of 1919 Labor Union Membership 1900-1920 “If capital and labor don’t pull together” Chicago Tribune, 1919 SOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARS Red Scare Communist International 3rd International Goal (1919): promote worldwide communism Red Scare Palmer Raids (1920) Police arrest “suspected Reds” in Chicago, 1920 A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home bombed, 1920 SOCIETY & ECONOMY IN THE POSTWAR YEARS “Return to Normalcy” Warren G. Harding “Return to Normalcy” New Revivalism “fundamentalis” Billy Sunday “tabernacles”