Transcript sectionalism

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Economic Growth
Section 2: Westward Bound
Section 3: Unity and Sectionalism
Visual Summary
Economic Growth
Essential Question What effects did the
Industrial Revolution have on the U.S.
economy?
Westward Bound
Essential Question How did land and water
transportation affect westward expansion?
Unity and Sectionalism
Essential Question How were nation-building
issues resolved in the early 1800s?
What effects did the Industrial
Revolution have on the U.S.
economy?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• cotton gin
• capitalism
• interchangeable parts • capital
• patent
• free enterprise
• factory system
Academic Vocabulary
• contribute
• element
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Industrial Revolution
• Eli Whitney
Which type of job appeals to you the most?
A. Factory work
B. Farm work
0%
C
A
0%
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
C. Office work
The Growth of Industry
New technology changed the way
things were made.
The Growth of Industry (cont.)
• The invention of tools and machinery to
make the production of goods easier and
faster led to the Industrial Revolution.
• The geography of New England contributed
to the development of the Industrial
Revolution there.
– Farming was difficult with New England’s
poor soil.
Technology and Industry
The Growth of Industry (cont.)
– There was an abundance of rivers and
streams for water power.
– Resources such as coal and iron deposits
were close.
– The area had many ports.
Technology and Industry
The Growth of Industry (cont.)
• In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the
cotton gin, which quickly and efficiently
removed the seeds from cotton fiber.
• Whitney used interchangeable parts, which
allowed for the production of different kinds
of goods on a large scale.
• In 1790 Congress passed a patent law to
protect the rights of inventors.
Technology and Industry
The Growth of Industry (cont.)
• Francis Cabot Lowell began the
factory system, where all manufacturing
steps are brought together in one place to
increase efficiency.
• Under capitalism—the economic system of
the United States—individuals put their
capital into a business, hoping that the
business will be successful and make a
profit.
Technology and Industry
The Growth of Industry (cont.)
• The major elements of free enterprise are
competition, profit, private property, and
economic freedom.
Technology and Industry
Which of the following was a result of the invention
of the cotton gin?
A. It encouraged farmers
in the Northeast to begin
planting cotton.
A
D. It encouraged many plantation
owners to free their enslaved workers.
0%
D
0%
C
C. It had no impact on the
demand for cotton.
A. A
B. B
C.0% C 0%
D. D
B
B. It led to a dramatic increase
in Southern cotton production.
Agriculture Expands
Agriculture expanded and remained
the leading occupation of most
Americans in the 1800s.
Agriculture Expands (cont.)
• Farms in the Northeast were small and
marketed their goods locally.
• Southern plantation owners used enslaved
workers from Africa to help meet the
increased demand for cotton.
• Farmers also moved west and focused on
raising cash crops such as corn and wheat.
Population of the United States, 1820
In which area of the country was
cotton the major crop?
A. The North
B. The South
0%
C
A
0%
B
C. The West
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
Economic Independence
The growth of factories and trade
led to the development of
corporations and cities.
Economic Independence (cont.)
• Large businesses called corporations began
to develop rapidly in the 1830s when legal
obstacles to their formation were removed.
• New cities developed along rivers, and
older cities grew as centers of commerce
and trade.
• Fire and disease both posed very real
threats in these early cities.
• Cities offered more opportunities for jobs
and leisure activities.
How were corporations financed?
A. They received money
from the federal government.
0%
D
0%
C
D. Taxes collected from citizens
funded the corporations.
B
C. Shares of ownership called
stock were sold.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B. One wealthy individual
provided all of the money.
How did land and water
transportation affect westward
expansion?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• census
• canal
• turnpike
• lock
Academic Vocabulary
• reveal
• region
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Robert Fulton
• De Witt Clinton
What is your favorite way to travel?
A. By car
B. By boat
0%
C
A
0%
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
C. By plane
Moving West
Transportation routes such as roads
improved as settlers moved west,
and steamboats greatly improved
the transport of goods along rivers.
Moving West (cont.)
• In 1790 the first United States census
showed that 4 million people lived in the
United States, mostly east of the
Appalachian Mountains.
• The 1820 census revealed that the
population of the United States had grown to
10 million, and nearly 2 million people had
moved west of the Appalachians.
Western Settlement
Moving West (cont.)
• Many turnpikes were developed to make
transportation and relocation easier.
• Construction on the National Road, which
linked western lands to the east coast,
began in 1811.
• Barges could carry far larger loads than
wagons, but river travel had problems.
– Most rivers flowed north to south, not east
to west.
Moving West (cont.)
– Traveling against the current by barge was
extremely difficult and slow.
• Developed by Robert Fulton, steamboats
that could travel against strong river currents
ushered in a new age in river travel.
Roads: Tying the Nation Together
What territory became a state in 1803?
A. Indiana
B. Louisiana
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Ohio
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Michigan
Canals
Business and government officials
developed a plan to build a canal to
link the eastern and western parts of
the country.
Canals (cont.)
• De Witt Clinton led a group that developed a
plan to link New York City with the Great
Lakes region via a canal across New York
State.
• The Erie Canal opened on October 26, 1825.
• A series of locks provided a way to raise and
lower boats at places canal levels changes.
Canals, 1820–1860
Canals (cont.)
• By 1850, the United States had more than
3,600 miles of canals.
Canals, 1820–1860
Why was the Erie Canal necessary?
A. The French and Spanish prevented
travel on the Mississippi River.
0%
D
C
D. Native Americans prevented
travel on the National Road.
B
C. Most major rivers in the
eastern United States
flowed north to south.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
D.0% D0%
A
B. Steamboats were unable
to travel upstream to
northern cities.
Western Settlement
Americans continued to move
westward, settling near rivers so
they could ship their goods to
market.
Western Settlement (cont.)
• Two waves of westward settlement resulted
in the admission of several new states.
– The first wave began before the 1790s,
and resulted in the creation of Vermont,
Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio.
– The second wave began between 1816
and 1821, and resulted in the creation of
Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, and
Missouri.
Western Settlement (cont.)
• Pioneers tended to settle in communities
along large rivers so they could ship their
crops and goods more easily.
Why did pioneer families tend to setting in
communities along major rivers?
A. To gain greater protection
from Native Americans
0%
D
C
D. So that they could more easily
ship their crops to market
B
C. Because they provided fresh
drinking water
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
D.0% D0%
A
B. To make it easier for them
to travel east
How were nation-building issues
resolved in the early 1800s?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• sectionalism
• state sovereignty
• American System
Academic Vocabulary
• intense
• internal
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Missouri Compromise
• McCulloch v. Maryland
• Gibbons v. Ogden
• Adams-Onís Treaty
• Monroe Doctrine
Rate your agreement with the
following statement: I take pride in
the region of the country where I live.
A. Strongly agree
0%
D
0%
A
D. Strongly disagree
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Somewhat disagree
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Somewhat agree
The Era of Good Feelings
After the War of 1812, a new spirit
of nationalism spread throughout
the United States.
The Era of Good Feelings (cont.)
• Republican James Monroe was elected
president in 1816 with almost no opposition.
• The Federalist Party, weakened by doubts of
their loyalty during the War of 1812, barely
existed as a national party.
• The time period was known as the Era of
Good Feelings because political differences
among citizens seemed to fade.
• Monroe won a second term in 1820 with all
but one electoral vote.
Which principle of the Federalist Party remained
even after the Party itself dissolved?
A. Support for tariffs to
protect industry
0%
D
0%
A
D. The dissolution of the
national bank
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Support of state sovereignty
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. The abolishment of
taxation altogether
Sectionalism and the American System
Regional differences brought an end
to the Era of Good Feelings.
Sectionalism and the American System
(cont.)
• The Era of Good Feeling ended as
Americans developed an intense allegiance
to the region they came from, resulting in
sectionalism.
• States’ rights became an issue as North and
South differed over the institution of slavery,
the need for tariffs, a national bank, and
other internal improvements such as canals
and roads.
Sectionalism and the American System
(cont.)
• Three regional spokespersons emerged in
Congress.
– John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
emerged as a chief supporter
state sovereignty and an opponent of
national programs.
– Daniel Webster of New England supported
protective tariffs and spoke eloquently
against sectionalism.
Sectionalism and the American System
(cont.)
– Henry Clay from Kentucky was a War
Hawk who advocated the
American System and tried to resolve
sectional disputes.
• The Missouri Compromise provided for the
admission of Missouri as a slave state and
Maine as a free state, preserving the
balance between North and South.
The Missouri Compromise
Sectionalism and the American System
(cont.)
• The Supreme Court strengthened the
federal government’s powers with the case
McCulloch v. Maryland—a dispute over
state taxation of the National Bank.
• In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court
further empowered congressional legislation
over interstate commerce.
Which of these is not part of Henry Clay’s
“American System” proposal?
A. Protective tariffs
0%
D
D. A national bank
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. A program of internal
improvements
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. The admission of Maine
as a free state
Foreign Affairs
The United States defined its role
in the Americas with the Monroe
Doctrine.
Foreign Affairs (cont.)
• In the 1817 Rush-Bagot Treaty, the United
States and Britain agreed to limit the number
of naval vessels on the Great Lakes and
remove weapons located along the border of
the United States and British Canada.
• The Convention of 1818 set the boundary
between the United States and Canada at
the 49th parallel.
Foreign Affairs (cont.)
• With the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819, the
United States gained East Florida, and
Spain also abandoned all claims to West
Florida.
• By 1824, Spain had lost control of most of its
territory in South America.
Foreign Affairs (cont.)
• In 1823, the president issued the
Monroe Doctrine which declared:
– The United States would not interfere with
any existing European colonies in the
Americas.
– North and South America were off-limits
for any future European colonization.
Which of the following was NOT part of the
Missouri Compromise?
A. Missouri would be admitted
as a slave state.
0%
D
0%
A
D. Slavery was banned in a
certain portion of the
Louisiana Territory.
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Florida was admitted as
a slave state.
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Maine would be admitted
as a free state.
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cotton gin
a machine that removed seeds from
cotton fiber
interchangeable parts
uniform pieces that can be made in
large quantities to replace other
identical pieces
patent
a document that gives an inventor the
sole legal right to an invention for a
period of time
factory system
system bringing manufacturing steps
together in one place to increase
efficiency
capitalism
an economic system based on private
property and free enterprise
capital
money for investment
free enterprise
the freedom of private businesses to
operate competitively for profit with
minimal government regulation
contribute
help to cause an event or situation
element
one part of a larger whole
census
official count of a population
turnpike
a road that one must pay to use; the
money is used to pay for the road
canal
an artificial waterway
lock
in a canal, an enclosure with gates at
each end used in raising or lowering
boats as they pass from level to level
reveal
show something that was hidden
region
an area inside a larger area
sectionalism
loyalty to a region
state sovereignty
the concept that states have the right
to govern themselves independent of
the federal government
American System
policies devised by Henry Clay to
stimulate the growth of industry
intense
exhibiting strong feeling
internal
within a location such as a nation
or state
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