Transcript early american history

Early American Democracy in
Action
Objective: SWBAT analyze the Bill of
Rights and the early issues of the
Presidency.
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George Washington:
1st President
Whiskey Rebellion: first major challenge for GW;
The new
government, in
New York and
then
Philadelphia,
put to the
test…
George Washington:
1st President
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Whiskey Rebellion: showed new govt.
was effective; willing to use force to
suppress Rebellion.
Now a new problem confronted
Washington—political parties. The origin
of political parties was based on a dispute
over the role of government
George Washington:
1st President
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Federal Bank: argument helped cause
parties.
Washington elected unanimously; no
political parties.
Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a
Federal bank; thought Federal govt. had
that power
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He also wanted a protective tariff to develop an industrial
economy
Thomas Jefferson  didnt want the bank and didn’t think the
Constitution gave the government that power; he wanted a weak federal
government.
Hamilton and the Bank…
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“The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which
shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution
the foregoing powers…”
Loose construction (Hamilton) vs. Strict Construction
(Jefferson)…
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George Washington:
1st President
First Political Parties: Federalists v. DemocraticRepublicans.
Soon, political parties
began to emerge as
these leaders split up
their followers.
1. What issues do
you predict were the
most divisive?
George Washington:
1st President
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Washington’s Farewell: warned about the
dangers of political parties.
After two terms (8 years) Washington set the
important precedent of retiring after two
terms.
1) Why do you think this was an important
precedent to set?
Avoid tyrannical control
George Washington:
1st President
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Washington issues tow stern warnings in his
farewell address
a) “The name of American, which belongs to
you…must always exalt the just pride of
patriotism more than any…local
discriminations.”
b) “It occurs as matter of serious concern that
any ground should have been furnished for
characterizing political parties by geographical
discriminations.”.”
John Adams
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Adams: won election of 1796.
The First
Administration;
everything is always
more difficult when you
are the first
The Washington
Presidency
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George Washington preferred that his
title be a simple “Mr. President” and
dressed in plain republican broadcloth.
Congress established the Departments
of States, Treasury, War, and Justice,
the heads of which coalesced into the
Cabinet. Washington gave specific
roles to his cabinet which were never
spelled out in The Constitution
The Beginnings of Foreign
Policy
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Foreign affairs further strained the Federalist coalition.
Americans initially welcomed the French Revolution, but
when the Revolution turned violent and war broke out
with Britain, public opinion divided.
Though both sides advocated neutrality, Hamilton
favored closer ties with Britain while Jefferson feared
them.
The “Citizen Genet” incident led Washington to issue a
neutrality proclamation that outraged Jefferson’s
supporters.
The United States and the
Indian Peoples
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A pressing “foreign” problem concerned
Indians who refused to accept United
States sovereignty over them.
The Indian Intercourse Act (ok, go on,
giggle) made treaties the only legal way
to obtain Indian lands.
Spanish Florida and British
Canada Surrounded us
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Spanish and British hostility threatened the status of the
United States in the West.
The Spanish closed the Mississippi River to American
shipping, promoted immigration, and forged alliances
with Indian tribes to resist American expansion.
Britain granted greater autonomy to its North American
colonies, strengthened Indian allies, and constructed a
defensive buffer against Americans. Just because we
were at peace did not mean we were not at war
Jay's and Pinckney's
Treaties
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The Jay Treaty resolved several key disputes
between the United States and Britain.
Opponents held up the treaty in the House until
Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain granted them
sovereignty in the West.
The political battles over the Jay Treaty brought
President Washington off his nonpartisan
pedestal. Sometimes you just have to choose
sides.
Washington’s Farewell
Address
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In his farewell address, Washington
summed up American foreign policy
goals as:
– peace;
– commercial relations;
– friendship with all nations; and
– no entangling alliances.
Federalists and
Jeffersonian Republicans,
Hamiltonians and
Jeffersonians
The Rise of Political
Parties
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During the debate over Jay’s Treaty, shifting coalitions
began to polarize into political factions
Hamilton’s supporters claimed the title “Federalist.”
while Thomas Jefferson’s supporters called themselves
“Republicans.”
These coalitions shaped the election of 1796, which
John Adams narrowly won.
Jefferson, the opposition’s candidate, became Vice
President.
The Adams Presidency
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Relations with France deteriorated after
Jay’s Treaty.
When France began seizing American
shipping, the nation was on the brink of
war. The X, Y, Z Affair made Adams’s
popularity soar.
The Alien and Sedition
Acts
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The Federalists pushed through the Alien and
Sedition Acts that:
– severely limited freedoms of speech and of the
press; and
– threatened the liberty of foreigners.
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Republicans organized as an opposition party.
Federalists saw opposition to the administration
as opposition to the state and prosecuted leading
Republican newspaper editors.
Jefferson and Madison drafted the Virginia and
Kentucky Resolves that threatened to nullify the
Alien and Sedition Acts.
The Revolution of 1800
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Adams bid for re-election was weakened by:
– Hamilton’s dispute with Adams; and
– the Federalists becoming identified with oppressive
war-mongering.
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In the election of 1800, the Federalists waged
a defensive struggle calling for strong central
government and good order.
By controlling the South and the West,
Jefferson won the election.
Democratic Political
Culture
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The rise of partisan politics greatly
increased popular participation.
American politics became more
competitive and democratic.
Popular celebrations became common
and suffrage increased.
"The Rising Glory of
America”
American Artists
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The Revolutionary generation began to
create a national culture.
American artists depicted national
heroes and national triumphs.
MAP 8.1 The Ratification of the
Constitution, 1787–90 The distribution
of the vote for the ratification of the
Constitution demonstrated its wide
support in sections of the country linked
to the commercial economy, and its
disapproval in more remote and
backcountry sections. (Note that Maine
remained a part of Massachusetts until
admitted as a separate state in 1820.)
MAP 8.2 Spread of Settlement: The
Backcountry Expands 1770–90 From
1770 to 1790, American settlement
moved across the Appalachians for the
first time. The Ohio Valley became the
focus of bitter warfare between Indians
and settlers.
MAP 8.3 Spanish Claims to American Territory, 1783–95 Before 1795, the Spanish
claimed the American territory of the Old Southwest and barred Americans from access to the
port of New Orleans, effectively closing the Mississippi River. This dispute was settled by
Pinckney’s Treaty in 1795.
MAP 8.4 The Election of 1800 In the presidential election of 1800, Democratic Republican
victories in New York and the divided vote in Pennsylvania threw the election to Jefferson.
The combination of the South and these crucial Middle States would keep the Democratic
Republicans in control of the federal government for the next generation.