Transcript Sect2

Federalists & Republicans (Dem)
Hamilton
&
Jefferson
• Rule by the “best” people
• Powerful central government,
at the expense of states’ rights
• Loose interpretation of the
Constitution
• Government to foster business;
concentration of wealth in
interests of capitalistic
enterprise
• A protective tariff on imports
(to protect domestic business)
• Rule by the informed masses
• Weak central government to
preserve states’ rights
• Strict interpretation of the
Constitution
• Agriculture preferred; no
special favors for businesses
• No special favors for
manufacturers
Federalists & Republicans (Dem)
Hamilton
&
Jefferson
• Pro-British (conservative
tradition, like the Tories)
• Expanding bureaucracy (nonelected officials)
• Powerful central bank
• Restrictions on free speech and
press
• Concentrated along the east
coast
• Strong navy to protect
American shippers
• Pro-French (radical
Revolutionary tradition)
• Reduction of federal
officeholders
• Encouragement to state banks
• Relatively free speech and press
• Concentration in South and
Southwest, in agricultural areas
and in the backcountry
• Minimal navy for coastal
defense
Explain the Battle of Fallen Timbers
• Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio, under command
of Major Gen “Mad Anthony” Wayne defeated
Indians and opened up settlement of the region
• The resulting Treaty of Greenville gave the United
States control of Ohio.
In 1789, Americans were divided by
the French Revolution.
Federalists worried about the anarchy and
public executions. Hamilton feared Democratic
Republicans might want to do the same in
America.
Jefferson decried the violence but publicly
admired the French Revolution’s principles.
Americans worried about the British and
French war as most of America’s imports
and tariff revenue came from British
goods.
President
Washington
issued a
proclamation
of neutrality
in 1793.
But Britain
ignored him
and began
seizing
American
trading ships
at sea.
Americans
were
outraged but
powerless to
respond.
John Jay’s Treaty
• British didn’t want war since US owed so much
money to them and afraid new republican France
would fight together
• What was involved?
• British agreed to evacuate posts in West
• Compensate US ship-owners for seizures
• No neutrality on seas though
• US had to pay pre-war debts to Britain
• Valuable treaty but humiliating
• US gained most of what legally belonged to it
A more
popular treaty
was
negotiated
with Spain in
1795 since
afraid of a
US-France
attack .
• The Pinckney Treaty
allowed Americans to use
the Mississippi River and
the port of New Orleans.
• With access to the
Mississippi, removal of
the British, and defeat of
the Native Americans,
settlers poured into the
west.
• 400,000 Americans lived
beyond the Appalachians
by the 1800s.
Farewell
• Washington stepped down in 1796 after 2nd
term due to rivalry between Federalists and
Republicans
President Washington chose to retire in 1796.
He felt that voluntary retirement after two terms
would set an important precedent for the peaceful
transfer of the office.
In his farewell address, Washington advised
successors to temper political strife in favor of
national unity.
In foreign affairs, he suggested Americans avoid
“entangling alliances” with European powers.
Washington helped the young nation
survive early tests.
As first President, Washington:
• Established the government
•
Opened western land for settlers
•
Kept the nation out of war
•
Developed foreign trade
•
Put the nation on solid financial
footing.
Election of 1796
• John Adams was elected President in 1796.
• He narrowly defeated Thomas Jefferson who
became his vice president.
• Both disliked Hamilton who had made many
enemies with financial policies
• The vote was largely along regional lines with the
North favoring Adams, the South favoring Jefferson.
• Adams couldn’t unite parties
Early in his presidency, Adams faced a crisis with France due to Jay
Treaty.
Like Britain, France began seizing American ships.
Adams sent envoys to negotiate with PM Talleyrand.
French officials identified only as X, Y, and Z
demanded bribes for the right to negotiate.
Americans were angered and insulted by this XYZ
Affair and sentiment against France grew.
XYZ
• Adams refused and became national hero, built 40
or so warships and increased army
• France didn’t really want a war (too many foes
already) and Adams realized country was too weak
for all-out war
• France agreed to end the Franco-American alliance
(1778) and the U.S. agreed to pay their own
damage claims
Immigrants, most of whom
tended to favor Democratic
Republicans, could be
deported.
In 1798 Congress passed
the Alien and Sedition
Acts making it a crime to
criticize the government.
No negative comments about
government printed.
The Federalists claimed the
acts were necessary to stop
unhealthy criticism that was
undermining trust in the
government.
Democratic Republicans
charged the acts violated the
Constitution and were aimed to
silence the opposition.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• Statements written to promote nullification,
or “refusal to accept unconstitutional laws”
• Federalists said it was up to Supreme Court to
decide this, not the people
• Not very effective – Jefferson was just trying
to make it an issue, to raise awareness
Shortly before the 1800 election, President
Adams sought peace with France.
This angered other Federalists,
including Alexander Hamilton who
then worked
against Adams’ bid for re-election.
Despite a tie in the electoral college,
Thomas Jefferson won the
presidency.
Election of 1800
• Republicans won 73 to 65
Burr
• Constitution did not distinguish between
presidential and VP candidates; voted for two
candidates only
• Political parties made system impractical
• Jefferson and Burr received 73 votes each
• House of Representatives chose
• First vote was a split. Federalists all voted for
Burr, afraid of Jefferson and policies
• Burr should have stepped down since voters
intended him to be VP
• Hamilton ended up influencing Federalists to
vote for Thomas Jefferson
Hamilton
12th Amendment
•
The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President,
one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in
their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as VicePresident, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and all persons voted
for as Vice-President and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and
transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the
Senate.
•
The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all
the certificates and the votes shall then be counted.
•
The person having the greatest Number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be
a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from
the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President,
the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the
President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a
majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not
choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of
March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other
constitutional disability of the President.
•
The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such
number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then
from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the
purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole
number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President
shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
• In short, separate balloting in the Electoral
College for president and vice president
• Ratified before 1804 election
The election of
1800 changed the
balance of power
and ended the
Federalist era in
government.
Marked an
important
precedent as the
first peaceful
transfer of power
from one political
party to another.