Transcript The Republic and the Napoleonic Wars, 1804-1815

War 1812
problem
of communication
Main problem that led to
war
–ended before it began
Major
battle of the war
–began after peace declared

War Hawks
– Henry clay leading voice
Madison sends list of
grievances against
Britain
 Close vote, but war
declared against Britain
 declared war to defend:

– Sovereignty
– Western territory
– Maritime rights of
United States
Impressment
 Attack Canada
 Burn York

– Capital
Holding pattern
 Napoleon
defeated
 British victories

Ross attacks at
will on coast
 Bladenburg
Races

– Aug 24
DC burnt
 Dolly Madison

Balitmore
 Land and Sea
 Land attack repulsed

– Ross killed
Fort McHenry
 Massive bombardment
 Francis Scott Key

The Hartford Convention
 New
England congressmen had
voted against going to war
–British continue to trade with New
England
 Federalists
called Hartford
Convention, 1814
–Federalist New England secession
 Hartford
Convention demands
drowned out by end of war and New
Orleans victory
New Orleans

Jefferson New Orleans America “Achilles heel”
– 40% American trade

Andrew Jackson
– Peace declared Dec 24 1814
– Battle new Orleans Jan 8

Independence began July 4th 1776 completed
Jan 8th 1815
Conclusion
Jefferson’s
yeoman farmer
dream shattered
Republican congress - headed
towards a market society and
capitalist democracy
Immigration
From one boat to many
 Post
revolutionary war immigration
had slowed to a trickle
 But
as the new century began the
immigration rocketed
U.S. population and territory, 1790-1840
 1790:
pop. 3.9 million, in 13 states
 1800: pop. 5.3 m.
16 states
 1810:
7.2 m.
17
 1820:
9.6 m.
23
 1830:
12.9 m.
24
 1840:
17.1 m.
26
 land area (sq. mi.): 1790 0.86; 1840
1.75
The Irish
 Just
one of many groups, but the
example we will look at
 Predominantly protestant
 small farmers/landowners
 Coming with some money looking to
improve
 Mid 1820s to mid 1840s
 A gradual shift to poorer Nonlandowners
1815 – 1840 approx 800,000 immigrants




1845-50
Disaster in Ireland
Potato Famine
Basic food staple
destroyed and many
more forced to leave
1845-1855 1.8 million Irish
immigrants
 Poor
immigrants
 Not much choice or opportunity
 Gathered together in urban areas
 Low paying manual labor
Men
Construction work was the usual line of work
 Long, hard, dangerous
 Example: in 1818
 3000 Irish laborers working on Erie Canal

Women
 Main
work was as either
 House
maids in the city or
 Factory
mils
workers – particularly textile
 Example:
Lowell Mills in
Massachusetts
Irish Women in Lowell workforce. 1845 – 8% : 1860 – 50%
Irish settlement was primarily in
urban areas

At the time the census described an urban
area as more than 8000 people

1790 America was 3.3% urban

1860 America was 16.1% urban

By 1850 Irish were over 50% of
population in New York and Boston
 This
high concentration in the cities
allowed for a high degree of
continuation of home identity
 Examples
 Newspapers
 Food
 Language
 Customs
The Transportation Revolution
After
1815: dramatic
improvements in transportation:
–Roads
–Steamboats
–Canals
–Railroads
Tied
communities together
Made a market society physically
possible
Improvements: Canals and
Railroads
 Erie
Canal
–Hudson River – Lake Erie
–Model for canal boom across
country
 Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad
 New York Central
 1820 – 40, 3000 miles
 1840 – 60, 57,000 miles
Robert Fulton’s
Clermont plies the
Hudson River
The Brooklyn ferry,
1839
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York
The Mohawk and
Hudson Railroad’s
DeWitt Clinton began
service in 1831
Railroads in the United States, 1840 and 1860
Time and Money
Freight
costs went down
–1815 -60 95% drop
Speeds
improved
Market revolution
Foreign trade continued to
expand
Growing internal domestic
market
Time required to travel from New York City, 1800 and
1830
The Transformation of
Rural Outwork
Position
of outworkers declines
Manufacture began to
concentrate in factories
Outworkers were reduced to
dependence on merchants, who
began to control the labor of
outworkers
The Industrial Revolution
 1820-1870:
American cities grew
faster than ever before or since
 Seaport cities gain more from
commerce with interior than
overseas
 Beginnings of industry and the
greatest period of urban growth
in U.S. history
Manifest Destiny
Manifest
Destiny
A general
notion rather
than a
specific
policy
Journalist
John L.
O'Sullivan
"Annexation,"
United States
Magazine and Democratic
Review 17, no.1 (July-August
1845)
“the fulfillment of our manifest
destiny to overspread the
continent allotted by Providence
for the free development of our
yearly multiplying millions”
Discussing annexation of Texas
 December
27, 1845 in New York
Morning News
 Americans claim "the whole of
Oregon":
 “And that claim is by the right of our
manifest destiny to overspread and
to possess the whole of the continent
which Providence has given us for
the development of the great
experiment of liberty and federated
self-government entrusted to us.”
Three Key Themes
 1)
The virtue of the American
people and their institutions
 2) The mission to spread these
institutions, thereby redeeming and
remaking the world in the image of
the U.S.
 3) The destiny under God to
accomplish this work
Indian removal west
Removals
and relocations of
American Indians occurred
throughout the 17th and 18th
centuries
Developed to massive
proportions during the 19th
century
Indian Renewal Act of 1830
Provided for the exchange of
American Indian land in any
state or territory of US
Indian Removal Act 1830
Instrumental
in relocating
Southeastern Indians
Shifted to lands in the transMississippi west
Exceptionally tragic was the
removal of the Cherokee
Occurred during the late
1830s
nunna dual Tsunyi,
In
Cherokee means
literally, “the trail where
we cried.”
Become known in
English as the “Trail of
Tears.”
Brief History of Cherokee
 Estimated
that there were over
22,000 Cherokee during the 1600s.
 In the 18th century they suffered
from smallpox epidemics
 Epidemic in 1738-1739 severe,
reduced tribe by half
 Another smallpox epidemic
depopulated them in 1760
From
the 1760s to the early
1780s the Cherokee were also in
almost constant warfare with
the colonists on their lands
They sided with the British in
the Revolutionary War, and by
1782 they were “reduced to the
lowest depth of misery”
Then in the following year
another small pox epidemic
devastated the tribe
 By
end 18th century the Cherokee
numbered slightly more than
13,000
 With natural increase by 1835
about 22,000
 What the population is estimated
to have been some 200 years
earlier
 Cherokee tribal lands had once
been immense comprising much
of the southeastern region of the
US
 By
1830s, Cherokee Country, as it
was called, encompassed area
where the states of NC, TN, GA, and
AL, more or less come together
 Subjected to continued harassment
by Georgia and pressures from the
US government
–particularly President Andrew Jackson
 to
cede remaining lands and move
west of the Mississippi
 Cherokee resisted
After
three years and much
harassment
Treaty was signed between the
Cherokee and the US
government
But not by the principal officers
of the Cherokee nation
Signers ceded to the US the
Cherokee lands in the Southeast
in exchange for lands in Indian
Territory and 15 million
Leaders
of the Cherokee
nation protested violently
during the next years that
the treaty should not be
ratified.
Protests were to no avail
The Cherokee were
disarmed and removal
Ordeal
did not end on arrival in
Indian Territory
Many survived the journey only
to be stricken with disease in
the new lands
Or to die there of starvation
As many as one-half of the early
immigrants died before the year
was out
Estimated that over 8000
Cherokee may have died as