Transcript Eisenhower Red Scare PPPPPPx

Eisenhower/Space
Race/ and
McCarthyism
(1950-1961)
President Eisenhower

President from 1953-1961

Vice President Richard Nixon

Preceded By Harry Truman

Succeeded By John F. Kennedy

Political Party-Republican

Came into office as Korean War was ending-Played Major role in
developing the “Cease Fire”
“Brinksmanship”
[John Foster Dulles]
Eisenhower & Dulles
1.
Massive retaliation.
2.
M. A. D. (Mutually
Assured Destruction)
3.
“Domino Theory”-One
Country falls to
Communism-The Rest
will Fall around it
4.
CIA & covert operations
Truman vs. Eisenhower
“Containment”
[George Kennan]
“Brinksmanship”
[John Foster Dulles]
1.
Marshall Plan
1.
Massive retaliation.
2.
Truman Doctrine
2.
M. A. D.
3.
Berlin Airlift
3.
“Domino Theory”
4.
NATO
4.
CIA & covert operations
5.
Korean War
5.
Eisenhower Doctrine
Mao Zedong
•Mao Zedong, defeats Chang Kai Shek
in the Chinese Civil War…..
•China became a communistic country.
•Chang Kai Shak is exiled to Taiwan.
•Mao Tse Tung becomes the
Communistic leader of China.
•US believed there was a communistic
plot to rule the world
NATO
Chang Kai Shek
1949- The Soviet Union explodes
its own nuclear weapon.
•1950 to 1953, North
Korea invades South
Korea.
•North Korea was a
communist nation and
South Korea was a
democracy.
•First war of
“containment” policy to
stop communism
•“Police Action” not a
declared war
•President Truman leads
United Nations.
•General Douglas
MacArthur commands US
and UN troops.
•Called “forgotten war”.
Events Leading to the Space and
Nuclear Arms Race


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The United States and Russia began to build longrange rockets.
The U.S. favored bombers
The Soviets favored missiles and thus took an early
lead in rocket technology
A rocket able to carry a bomb across the globe
could also be used to loft machines and men into
orbit. The United States and the Soviet Union
engaged in a long competition to develop rockets
for both warfare and the exploration of space.
1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I
Facts on Sputnik
•Aluminum sphere, 23 inches in diameter
weighing 184 pounds with four steel antennae
emitting radio signals.
•Launched Oct. 4, 1957
•Stayed in orbit 92 days, until Jan. 4, 1958
1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I
Effects on the
United States
•Americans fear a
Soviet attack with
missile technology
•Americans resolved to regain technological
superiority over the Soviet Union
•In July 1958, President Eisenhower created
NASA or National Space and Aeronautics
Agency
Effects of Sputnik on United States
Atomic Anxieties:
•“Duck-and-Cover Generation”
Atomic Testing:
•Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23, 1992, the
United States conducted 1,054 official nuclear tests,
most of them at the Nevada Test Site.
Americans began building
underground bomb shelters
and cities had underground
fallout shelters.
Sputnik

Sputnik II, launched on
November 3, 1957,
carried a dog named
Laika on board. Laika
was the first living
organism in space. She
survived for only a few
hours instead of the
planned ten days
because of overheating
and stress.
The First Man To Orbit The Earth

On April 12, 1961, Yuri A. Gagarin was
launched into space aboard the Soviet
vessel Vostok I, making him the first human to
orbit the earth.
The First Man To Orbit The Earth

The ship made a single orbit around the earth, and the
flight only lasted about 1 hour 28 minutes.

This was another great victory for the Soviet Union and a
big step towards defeating the U.S. in the space race.
The New U.S. President
In January of 1961, John F. Kennedy was
inaugurated president of the U.S.
 After the Bay of Pigs fiasco, Kennedy wanted
some substantial victory that would draw
attention away from the failure as well as
demonstrate America’s superiority over Russia.
 He announced on May 25, 1961 that he planned
to send a man to the moon before the decade
was through.
 Congress agreed to fund this goal.

The First American In Space

On May 5, 1961, Alan B. Shepard became the first American in
space.

Launched on top of a Redstone missile, he made a short, suborbital
flight in a Mercury capsule.

Later, on February 20, 1962, John Glenn became the first American
to orbit the earth.
The First American In Space

On May 5, 1961, Alan B. Shepard became the first American in
space.

Launched on top of a Redstone missile, he made a short, suborbital
flight in a Mercury capsule.

Later, on February 20, 1962, John Glenn became the first American
to orbit the earth.
Soviet Union Advancements
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While the United States
struggled to surpass
Russia in nuclear and
space traveling
capabilities, the Russians
were continuing to
achieve more and more.
Soviet cosmonaut
Valentina Tereshkova
was the first woman to
orbit earth. She rode
aboard Vostok 5 on June
16-19, 1963.
U.S. Lands On The Moon

On July 20, 1969, astronauts
Neil Armstrong and Buzz
Aldrin became the first men
to reach the moon.
The United States Wins the Space
Race

With the landing of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the
moon, the United States officially beat the Soviet Union in the
space race.
The RED SCARE and McCarthyism
red scare3
Alger Hiss
Whitaker Chambers
Richard Nixon
•In 1948, Whittaker Chambers made accusations of Soviet espionage against
former State Dept. official Alger Hiss
•Hiss found guilty of spying & sentenced to 10 yrs in prison
•Richard Nixon, Congressmen from California was part of the HUAC that
investigated Alger Hiss.
•Red Scare was Americans
response to the fear of
Communism
•Senator Joseph McCarthy
accused 205 US Govt. officials
of being Communist.
•McCarthyism to destroy or
assassinate one’s character
without proof and it ruined the
careers of many Americans.
Became a witch hunt that led to Americans
pledging a “loyalty oath” to the United States…….
red scare
In a campaign speech in West Virginia,
McCarthy claims to have a list of 205 known communist
agents working in the US State Department.
McCarthyism- The use of unproven
accusations to label someone as a communist.
1954- The Army-McCarthy hearings
In nationally televised hearings, McCarthy is exposed
as a bully and a fraud.
A “Witch Hunt”.
1954- McCarthy is censured by the US Senate
for conduct unbecoming his office.
Established 1947, The CIA
Is the US spy network.
Hollywood becomes the focus of the “Red Scare.”
“ Blacklisting”
1947
“The Hollywood Ten “
Lucille Ball
1953-Investigated by HUAC for registering to
vote as a communist in the 1930’s at the urging of
her Grandfather.
“The only thing ‘red’ about Lucy is her hair
& that’s not even real.”