Transcript Aim: What changes took place in the Cold War during the

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Student will be able to tell how relations
changed between the US and the Soviet Union
during the 1950s.
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During the Cold War, a change took place in
the nature of the Cold War.
The Eisenhower years were marked by
oscillation-a hardening and softening in
attitudes and relations-on the part of the
United States and the Soviet Union.
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What change took place in the Cold War in the
late 1950s?
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President Eisenhower believed that it was
necessary to stop the spread of communism in
Southeast Asia.
In the spring of 1954, Secretary of State John
Foster Dulles put forth the domino theory.
Simply stated, Dulled believed that the nations
of Southeast Asia were like dominoes. If one
nation became communist, then all of the other
nations would soon follow.
After World War II, Southeast Asia faced the same Cold War problems
that were facing the nations of Western and Eastern Europe
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Eisenhower and Dulles were interested in
Vietnam, which was part of French Indochina.
After WW2, the Viet Minh, a nationalist group,
attacked the French. Led by Ho Chi Minh, the
Viet Minh were made up of Communists that
wanted to establish an independent communist
nation in Vietnam.
The defeat of the French by
the Viet Minh posed a major
problem for Eisenhower and
Dulles.
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In 1954, talks were held in Geneva,
Switzerland. Delegates from the United States,
France, England, the Soviet Union, China, Laos,
Cambodia and groups from Vietnam attended.
At the talks, Vietnam would be divided into
two nations-North and South.
In 1956, elections would be held to unify the
nation, but the South Vietnamese and the
United States refused to sign the document.
The US believed that the communists had a
base of operations in Southeast Asia.
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Following the Geneva talks, the United States
supported the idea of an alliance like NATO for
Southeast Asia.
In September 1954, the United States, England,
France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, the
Philippines and Thailand formed the Southeast
Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).
The countries promised to aid one other in case
of attack and to protect Southern Vietnam and
other non-Communist nations in Southeastern
Asia.
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What was Dulles’ idea of a domino theory?
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What were the Geneva Accords?
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What nations belonged to SEATO?
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By the middle of the 1950s, the cold war had
spread to the Middle East.
Most of the area was controlled by either
England or France until after World War 2.
Now that the war is over, the two nations,
weakened by the war, gave up most of their
power there.
However, the United States and the Soviet
Union were interested in the area because of
the area’s chief resource……oil. The Soviets
also wanted access to the Mediterranean.
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In 1948, the Jewish state of Israel was formed
out of a part of Palestine.
Many European Jews had fled to Palestine after
the Holocaust and this angered the Arab
population who were residing there.
The Arabs of Palestine and other Arabs of the
region were against the idea of having a Jewish
nation in their region, so they attacked Israel.
In these wars, the Israelis, backed by the United
States, were able to defeat the Arabs and
gained more land.
The support of Israel caused anger in the Arab
world, so they asked the Soviets for help.
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Why were the United States and the Soviet
Union interested in the Middle East?
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Why were the Arab nations of the Middle East
get angry with the United States? What did
they do?
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The tension building between the United States
and the Soviet Union was increased by the
events in Egypt.
At the start of the Cold war, both the United
States and the Soviet Union were interested in
forming an alliance with Egypt. When the
Egyptians used American weapons to attack
Israel, the US refused to sell arms to Egypt.
Egypt then asked the Soviet Union for help.
The US cancelled a dam building project soon
after.
In 1956, Egypt took over the Suez Canal and
was attacked by the British and French.
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When Israel attacked Egypt in 1956, the British
and French attacked Egypt as well.
Although allied with England and France, the
United States did not enter the fighting.
The United States used the UN Security
Council to end the crisis.
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What was the Suez Crisis?
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In 1957, containment was extended to the
Middle East through the Eisenhower Doctrine.
The Eisenhower Doctrine extended economic
and military aid to any nation in the Middle
East that was threatened by Communist
takeover.
This was designed to stop the influence of the
Soviet Union and to establish the US as a
power in the Middle East.
In 1958, Eisenhower put the doctrine into
practice when the Government of Lebanon was
under attack by a group backed by the Soviet
Union and Egypt.
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Where was the Eisenhower Doctrine put to
use?
VI
The action which I propose would have the following features.
It would, first of all, authorize the United States to cooperate with and assist any
nation or group of nations in the general area of the Middle East in the
development of economic strength dedicated to the maintenance of national
independence.
It would, in the second place, authorize the Executive to undertake in the same
region programs of military assistance and cooperation with any nation or group of
nations which desires such aid.
It would, in the third place, authorize such assistance and cooperation to include
the employment of the armed forces of the United States to secure and protect the
territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid,
against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by International
Communism.
These measures would have to be consonant with the treaty obligations of the
United States, including the Charter of the United Nations and with any action or
recommendations of the United Nations. They would also, if armed attack occurs,
be subject to the overriding authority of the United Nations Security Council in
accordance with the Charter.
The present proposal would, in the fourth place, authorize the President to employ,
for economic and defensive military purposes, sums available under the Mutual
Security Act of 1954, as amended, without regard to existing limitations. . . .
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Another important area for the United States to
address was the idea of communism in Latin
America and the Caribbean, or more to the
point, the Western Hemisphere.
When a government favoring communism
wanted to take over Guatemala, the Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) took action.
The CIA was able to back an anti-communist
government in Guatemala. This occurred in
1954.
Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
Communist Leader of
Guatemala
Carlos Castillo Armas
Supported by the CIA
and the US Government
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In 1959, fighting broke out in Cuba over control
of the Cuban government.
The government of Cuba led by US-supported
Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by Fidel
Castro (who ruled for 49 years), a communist
leader.
The United States recognized the government
of Castro, who, in true communist fashion,
made an alliance with the Soviet Union.
The US stopped dealing with the Castro
government when in 1960, he made a trade
agreement with the Soviets.
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The United States refused to import Cuban
sugar, so Castro took over all American sugar
companies that closed in Cuba.
Relations grew worse between the United
States and Cuba. Eisenhower, in one of his last
presidential actions, decided to end all
relations with the Cuban government because
he feared a communist government in the
Western Hemisphere.
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Who helped to put down a Communist
takeover in Guatemala?
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Why were events in Cuba important during
Eisenhower’s second term?
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Relations between the United States and the
Soviet Union improved during the second term
of President Eisenhower.
From 1956, Eisenhower and the Soviet Premier
Nikita Khruschev followed a policy of
coexistence, a policy by which both nations
recognized each other’s right to exist in peace.
This policy became part of US-USSR relations
following the death of Joseph Stalin. Leaders of
the Soviet Union were willing to work with the
west.
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One of the changes following the death of
Joseph Stalin was the nations of the world were
willing to participate in summit conferences,
much like they done in the years following
WW1 and WW2.
The first major summit conference occurred in
Geneva, Switzerland in 1955.
Although no major agreements were signed, it
showed a willingness of both sides to work
together to solve common interests.
As tensions eased at the end of the 1950s, the
US and USSR held more informal summits.
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On May 1, 1960, just before the US and USSR
were to meet in Paris, a special US plane called
the U-2 was shot down by the Soviet Union.
American planes had been flying and taking
pictures of Soviet military camps without their
permission…we spied on them.
At the Paris summit, Premier Khruschev spoke
out on the incident, criticized the spying and
demanded the US stop these missions.
He asked for an apology from Eisenhower and
stoppage in the summit.
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What is coexistence?
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What did the Geneva Summit signal?
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What caused the break-up of the 1960 Paris
Summit meeting?