Transcript Animal Form and Function

Animal Form and Function
Marielle R., Coreen H., Christian E.,
Taylor Waits
Regulation
● Multicellular organism are big,
aggregated lineages of cells
● Each cell is a plasma membrane bound
aqueous system with homeostatic
mechanisms to maintain stasis
● Homeostasis is maintained through
hormones and nervous system control
Digestive System
Function:
● Breaks down nutrients using enzymes secreted by cells in the:
o Mouth
o Stomach
o Intestines
o Liver
Regulation:
● Regulated by nervous and endocrine system
● Insulin and glucagon (formed from the pancreas)- controls
blood sugar levels
● Hypothalamus monitors the fullness of the stomach
Digestive System
Structure:
● Mouth
o In the mouth, food is broken down by salivary glands
with an enzyme called amylase
● Esophagus
o A thick muscular tube food moves through the tube by
peristalsis (series of muscular contractions that moves
the food down assisted by gravity)
● Stomach
o A expandable pouch that is lined with muscle that
churns the food that mixes with gastric juices to make
chyme
● Intestines
o Small- three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
o Large- ascending, transverse, and descending
● Pancreas
o secretes enzymes that break down nutrients
o produces insulin used to regulate sugar
Respiratory System
Function:
● Delivers oxygen to the body and carbon dioxide away
from body
Structure:
● Lung
o Oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is brought
out
o Red blood cells- bring oxygen to lungs then to the
body then takes carbon dioxide out as a waste
product
● Trachea
o Aka windpipe
o Filters air and branches out to bronchioles
● Bronchi
o Two air tubes that branch off of the trachea
o Carries air to the lungs
Respiratory System
● Diaphragm
o When breathing in -> the
diaphragm contracts
o When breathing out -> diaphragm
expands
o This allows air to come in the lungs
by freeing space
Regulation:
● Autonomic chemoreceptors keep track
of the pressures of oxygen and carbon
dioxide and send signals to the
respiratory system from the brain
Circulatory System
Functions a transportation system for
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nutrients, Cellular
Wastes, Immune cells, and regulatory
molecules.
Adaptations? Regulation?
● Open Circulatory System
.vs. Closed Circulatory
System
● More heart chambers
supports higher metabolic
rates, body sizes, and
endothermy
● Countercurrent heat
exchange
● Regulated by pacemakers
ie. S.A Node (in humans)
● Baroreceptors that monitor
blood pressure.
Excretory System
Functions to assist in water balance,
filtration of blood, excretion of cellular
nitrogenous waste (protein digestion)
Adaptations?
● Based on osmosis,
diffusion, active
transport
● reclaim water and
solutes as needed,
excrete urine
● ammonia .vs. urea .vs.
uric acid= type of waste
product .vs. habitat and
type of organism
Regulation?
● ADH= reduces blood
osmolarity (high solutes)
● Osmoreceptors in
hypothalamus.
● Aldosterone= increases low
blood pressure; monitored
by JGA (near kidney)
Muscular System
●
Function:The muscular system helps us
move. It’s the only tissue that can help
move other parts of the body. It also assists
with walking, speech, sitting, eating and
many other things we do on a daily basis
●
Structure: A muscle consists of muscle
cells, a sarcomere, actin and myosin fibers,
and tropomyosin regulator proteins. These
parts help muscles with their contractions
and relaxation states.
Muscular System
Evolutionary Trends: There are three types of
muscle tissue: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal
muscle tissues. Cardiac muscles are along the
walls of the heart and seem striated. The smooth
muscles are on the visceral organ and are
spindle-shaped. Skeletal muscles are in muscles
around the skeleton and also are striated.
Smooth and cardiac muscles are under
involuntary control while skeletal muscles are
under voluntary control.
Immune System
●
Function: This system protects the body from
invading pathogens.
●
Structure: It consists of the lymph system,
leukocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages. The
organs consist of the tonsils, thymus, lymph
nodes, spleen, bone marrow and lymphatic
vessels.
●
Evolutionary Trends: We have two kinds of
immunity: non-specific immunity and acquired
immunity. The innate, or non-specific, immunity
is the first line of defense. Acquired immunity is
the second line which takes care of pathogens that
can get past the innate immunity.
Immune System
Miscellaneous: There are certain
viruses such as HIV that cannot be
reversed or destroyed by the immune
system. Also vaccines can trigger
immune responses. The immune
system can be altered to fit certain
preferences, but it usually has
negative effects on other parts of the
immune system.
Nervous System
-Sensory Input; Motor Function; regulation
-Made up of Neurons
Nervous System
Evolutionary Trends
-Voltage gated channels & ion gated channels
-Na & K channels, Na/K pump, neurotransmitters
Reproduction
-produce and deliver gametes, nurture fetus
Reproduction
Evolutionary Trends
-External & Internal Fertilization
-Sperm Production v. Egg Production
Regulation
-FSH & LH, testosterone, estrogen, female monthly cycle
Development
Functions as a way to help organisms go
from one-celled zygote to multi-cellular
organisms with differentiated tissues and
organs.
Development
Evolutionary Trends
● cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis
3 tissue layers:
1. ectoderm: skin, teeth, nails, nerves
2. mesoderm: bone, blood, muscle
3. endoderm: digestive system
Differentiation
Plant Form and
Function
Plant Structure
Cells
Parenchyma
-least differentiated
-photosynthetic leaf
tissue
Collenchyma
-support
Sclerenchyma
-tough walls
-no longer growing
Tissue
Dermal
-Outer layer
(protective)
Vascular
-Transport
Ground
-all other functions
Specialized Tissue
Xylem: Tracheids & Vessel elements
that conduct water and dead functional
maturity
Phloem: Sieve-tube elements &
companion cells that conduct sugar
and provide molecular needs of the
sieve-tube elements
Plant Growth
Structure: Meristems (apical, lateral, vascular,
cambium, cork cambium) are embryonic stem
cells that produce new cells
Energy Production
Structure:
1. Epidermis (upper and lower)
2. Palisade layer
3. Vascular bundle (phloem and
xylem)
4. Mesophyll
5. Stomata
6. Guard cells
Energy Production
● During photosynthesis:
1. Light is captured
from the sun by
chloroplasts and
forms energy
2. Energy used to make
ATP and NADPH
3. NADPH and ATP
power synthesis of
carbohydrates from
CO2
Response
Plants exhibit responses by using:
● Hormones
○ Auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, cytokinins, and
abscission acid
● Signal pathways
● Tropisms (movement due to stimulus)
○ Gravitropism
○ Phototropism
○ Thigmotropism
○ Hydrotropism
Reproduction
●
●
Structure: Petals attract the pollinators to the flower.
Stamen is the male reproductive structure that makes
the pollen. Ovules are the female reproductive
structure which become seeds. Pollen grain has two
sperm nuclei and ovules have eight nuclei.
Function: Double fertilization occurs in angiosperms
and is the combining of one female gametophyte with
two male gametes. One sperm fertilizes the egg cell to
make a zygote and the other combines with two polar
nuclei to make endosperm.
Reproduction
●
Alternation of generation: Sporophyte makes
spores which turn into haploid gametophytes.
They mature to make gametes and those gametes
form to make a zygote.
Evolution
●
●
Bryophytes (mosses): These plants do not have a
vascular system. Some have specialized tissue for
water transport, but it’s still not considered a
vascular system, because it does not contain ligin.
Water absorbed by diffusion. They have no
flowers, so they don’t produce seeds. They depend
on water very much for survival and reproduction.
They may reproduce sexually or vegetatively. They
rely on water to transport male gametes to female
gametes. Have dominant gametophyte and
parasitic sporophyte.
Pteridophytes (ferns): These have a vascular
system. Still have swimming sperm with no
flowers or seeds. They have the xylem and phloem
which allows them to move water around. Have
dominant sporophyte and a reduced gametophyte.
Evolution
●
●
Gymnosperms (conifers): These are cone
bearing plants. They use pollen and naked
seeds rather than sperm transportation
through water. Pollen and ovules are in the
cones. The sporophyte is dominant and
gametophytes are highly reduced. The
development of the seed allowed for
protection of the embryophyte.
Angiosperms (flowering plants): They
contain flowers and produce fruits that
contain seeds. All the pollen and ovules are
in the flowers. Pollen is taken from the
plant to another where that plant can
reproduce.
Mineral and Water Transport
Minerals and water move up
plant from roots through
xylem to leaves
adhesion
cohesion
evaporation
Mutualistic
relationships between
plant roots and bacteria
help plants acquire
nutrients
Mycorrhizae
Rhizobium
Gas Exchange
Stomata allow for gas
exchange
guard cells
K+ concentration
Diffusion of O2 in and
O2 and H2O out
through transpiration
Calvin Cycle
AP Essay Question
Multiple Choice
1.
Which of the following is required in all living things in order for gas exchange to occur?
a. Lungs
b. Gills
c. Moist membranes
d. Blood
2. Oxygen is transported in human blood by which type of cell?
a. Erythrocytes
b. Leukocytes
c. Lymphocytes
d. Platelets
3.. In the mammalian heart, the SA node generates electrical impulses and is sometimes called the pacemaker of the heart.
Which of the following correctly describes its function?
a. It delays the nerve impulses to the walls of the ventricle.
b. It controls the action of the atrioventricular valve.
c. It regulates the amount of blood that exits with each heartbeat
d. It sets the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contraction.
4..
5.
6.
The succession of rapid cell division that follows fertilization is called
a. Gastrulation
b. cleavage
c. Morphogenesis
d. Organogenesis
Barrier defenses are an important non-specific arm of the immune system. All of the following are barrier defenses except
a. Skin
b. Phagocytes
c. Lysozyme in saliva
d. Mucous secretions
What type of cell acts as a intermediary between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
a. Plasma cell
b. Cytotoxic T cell
c. B cell
d. Helper T cell
7.
8.
9.
Which of these correctly describes the autonomic nervous system?
a. It integrates sensory inputs to the brain
b. It carries signals to and from skeletal muscles
c. It regulates the internal environment of the body
d. It is part of the central nervous system
Which of the following represents a failure of a homeostatic mechanism?
a. Activation of the thirst center after profuse sweating
b. Production of insulin after eating a jelly doughnut
c. Hypothermia after falling into a glacier-fed lake
d. Skin flushing and sweating during exercise
Muscle contraction occurs via the
a. Contraction of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
b. Plasma membrane
c. Flow of calcium ions out of the cell
d. Sliding of thin filaments by the thick filaments
10.
In the blood, carbon dioxide is primarily transported in what way?
a. By hemoglobin
b. As carbon monoxide
c. In erythrocytes
d. In bicarbonate ions
11. Pepsin in the stomach begins the enzymatic digestion of proteins. What molecules are the end products of protein
digestion?
a. Nucleic acids
b. Amino acids
c. Fatty acids
d. Monosaccharides
12. Select the one descriptive feature that is not a feature of the immune system.
a. An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site
b. An antigen can cause different antibodies to be generated
c. A pathogen may present more than one antigen
d. A lymphocyte has receptors for more than one antigen
An animal’s input of energy and materials would exceed its outputs
a. If the animal in an endotherm, which must always take in more energy because of its high metabolic rate
b. If it is actively foraging for food
c. If it is growing and increasing its mass
d. Never; to maintain homeostasis, these energy and material budgets always balance.
14. Altruism is putting the well-being of another ahead of one’s own. How could it persist in terms of natural selection?
a. Survival of other members of the species will maintain Hardyweinberg equilibrium
b. It can result in the survival of the recipients of the behavior
c. This is just one aspect of an evolutionary principle, survival of the fittest.
d. If the altruistics member’s behavior is directed toward a close relative, his genes will persist in the population.
15.
Pepsinogen is an inactive precursor of pepsin that can be activated by HCl. The muscular stomach wall could be digested by
the active proteolytic enzyme, pepsin. There are several mechanisms, listed below, that will prevent digestion of the stomach wall
from happening. Identify the one that will not help prevent this autodigestion.
a. Pepsin is stored and secreted in an inactive form as pepsinogen.
b. Mucus lines the inside surface of the stomach and presents a barrier to digestive enzymes.
c. Mitosis generates enough new cells to replace the stomach lining every few days
d. Pepsinogen is activated by pepsin and hydrochloric acid.
13.
16.
Fluid lost from the capillaries and not reabsorbed is returned to the blood vi
a. Venou system
b. Arteriole system
c. Lymphatic system
d. Capillary beds
17. Which of the following is released into the synaptic cleft and acts as a signaling molecule?
a. Sodium ion
b. Calcium ion
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Receptor proteins
18. Salivary amylase, an enzyme secreted in saliva, begins the breakdown of molecules that will produce monosaccharide.
Which category of nutrients does this enzyme digest?
a. Starches
b. Proteins
c. Lipids
d. Nucleic acids
19. At this moment your heart is pumping about 70ml of blood per heartbeat and your heart is beating at a rate of 72 beats per
minute. How many liters of blood will you pump in the next hour? (nearest tenth)
20. Did you learn something?
a. Yes
b. Yes
Holtzclaw, Fred W., and Theresa K. Holtzclaw.
“Campbell Biology.” N.p., n.d Web.