Transcript Immunology & History of HIV

History of HIV and
immunology
Anele Waters
HIV Research Nurse
North Middlesex Hospital, London
The immune system
Non-specific Immunity (Innate) Specific Immunity (Adaptive)
Antigen-Independent response Antigen-Dependent response
Immediate maximal response
Lag time between exposure
and maximal response
Not antigen-specific
Antigen-specific
No immunologic memory
Immunologic memory
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
•
Type of Leukocyte (white blood cell)
•
Contain B cells and T cells in
addition to Natural Killer cells
•
Part of the Adaptive immune system
B cells
•
Humoral immune response
•
Principal function to make antibodies for
specific antigens
•
Identify and neutralize foreign invaders
•
Become memory B cells after activation by
antigen interaction
T cells
Cell mediated immune response
Types of T cells
• T helper (AKA CD4 cells)
• Cytotoxic
• Memory
• Regulatory
• Natural Killer T cells
Function of T helper
(CD4 cells)
•
Directs immune system
• Signals maturation of B cells
• Activates cytotoxic T cells
and macrophages
The Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV)
The virus
•
•
•
•
Lentivirus type of Retrovirus
Isolated in 1983
Called HIV in 1985
Related simian
immunodeficieny virus (SIV)
• HIV-1 and HIV-2
• Bushmeat or Hunter theory
Early history of HIV
•Two samples from Kinshasa, Congo, 1959 and 1960
•16-year-old boy from Missouri USA who died in 1969
•Norwegian sailor who had been to Cameroon in 60’s died in
1976
•A Danish surgeon who travelled to Zaire in 1972, died in 1977
•Children involved in research in Uganda 1973