Transcript Cognitive Learning

Cognitive Learning
Module 29
Cognitive Influences on Learning
 1950s
 Incorporate the study of the role of cognition on learning
 Learning is impacted by cognitive factors
 Attention
 Memory
 Creativity
 Imagery
Contingency Model of Learning
 Robert Rescorla
 Classical conditioning
 One stimulus needs to reliably predict the arrival
of the second stimulus for learning to result
 Operant conditioning
 A voluntary behavior needs to reliably predict
the consequence in order for the organism to
learn
Latent Learning
 Edward Tolman
 First to investigate cognitive processes on operant
conditioning
 Experiments on rats to master a maze under three
different conditions
 Latent Learning
 learning in the absence of rewards but not apparent until
there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Latent Learning
 Cognitive map
 A mental representation of the layout of
one’s environment
 Insight
 “Aha!” moment
 Sudden perception of relationships between
multiple parts of a problem
 Pigeon and the Banana
Learned Helplessness
 Martin Seligman
 Loss of motivation and failure to attempt to
escape from unpleasant stimuli that happens if
individuals perceive that they are not able to
exert control over their environment
 Dog experiment
John Garcia
 First to investigate how biology can influence
learning
 Biological constraints
 Limitations set by biology regarding what an
animal is capable of learning
 Rats stronger smell, weaker sight
 Taste stimuli work well when associated with
nausea
Need to Know…
 Biological preparedness
 Influences the types of associations best learned by
a particular animal
 Biological constraints
 Limitations imposed by biology on a species in terms
of what they are capable of learning.
 Humans are the only organisms that are capable of
language, but humans are not capable of breathing
under water and cannot learn that skill.
Taste Aversions
 John Garcia
 Involves learning to avoid a particular food item or
liquid after it becomes associated with nausea
 Rats experiment – radiation – water
 Garcia effect
 Unusual because they typically require only one
pairing for learning
Observational Learning
 Involves how one
develops new skills,
knowledge, and
behaviors by watching
others perform and
imitating these behaviors
 Children see, Children do
Social Learning
Albert Bandura
Observational
learning was the
result of
modeling
Bobo Doll Experiment
 Albert Bandura
 1961-1963
 Effects of TV violence
 Experiment of children
watching adults being
aggressive
 Video