Transcript Cognitive Learning

Cognitive Learning
Objective: Describe how conditioning
has a cognitive component through
notes and discussion.
From a Behaviorist Point
of View…
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Remember… Behaviorists study
learning without reference to cognitive
process. Psychologists today
acknowledge that classical and
operant conditionings have a cognitive
element.
Robert Rescorla’s
Contingency Model of
Classical Conditioning
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Rescorla believed that thoughts and
expectations (cognition) affects our
ability to learn. So he designed an
experiment similar to Pavlov’s that
shows that there is an aspect of
cognition when conditioning takes
place.
Robert Rescorla’s
Contingency Model of
Classical Conditioning
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Dog 1 (Rocco) – 10 presentations of bell and food
paired
Dog 2 (Sparky) – 10 pairings of bell and food but
presentations are intertwined with 5 presentations
of bell and no food and 5 presentations with food
and no bell.
Which dog learns best to salivate at the bell?
– ROCCO!! Why?
– When two significant events occur close together in time,
the animal learns the predictability of the second event.
– Rocco and Sparky’s thoughts and expectations influence
their learning
Observational Learning Bandura
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Observational Learning – Albert
Bandura aka social learning theory
– Modeling – the process of observing and
imitating a specific behavior.
– Cognitive component: observation must
include a mental understanding of what is
being observed.
– Ex. Young girls “parents” baby dolls as she
sees her parents treat her
– Ex. Children learn violent behavior from
television or video games.
Bandura’s Bobo Doll
Experiment
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Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment
– Child and Adult in same room, child is playing
and watches an adult hit and kick an inflatable
bobo doll for ten minutes. Child is then moved to
another room where there are many toys. Child
is told he/she cannot play with those toys and
that they are for the other children. Child is
taken to another room where there are a few
toys, including a bobo doll. Children that saw
violent play were more likely to hit and kick the
bobo doll.
Footage/Explanation of
Social Learning Theory
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Albert Bandura, Social Learning and
his Bobo Doll experiment
Baby dances to Single LadiesBeyonce(funny) – YouTube
Children See, Children Do
Mirror Neurons
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Found in the Frontal Lobe Area
Provide a neural basis for
observational learning
These neurons fire when a monkey
performs a task… they also fire when
the monkey observes another monkey
perform the task.
Humans have mirror neurons too!
Mirror neuron Videos
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VS Ramachandran: The neurons that
shaped civilization
mirror neurons – YouTube (1:10)
Latent Learning – Edward
Tolman
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Latent learning – (hidden learning)
learning that is obvious only once
reinforcement is given for
demonstrating it.
Latent Learning – Tolman
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Tolman’s Latent Learning Experiment
with Rats in Mazes
– Three groups of rats
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Group 1 – rewarded each time they completed the
maze
– Performance improved steadily throughout trials
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Group 2 – never received a reward for completing the
maze
– Performance improved only slightly throughout the trials
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Group 3 – not rewarded first half of trials and then
rewarded during second half of trials
– Performance first half – similar to group 2
– Performance second half – performance improved
dramatically and suddenly once rewarded
Cognition and Tolman
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During the first trials for Group 3,
learning had occurred, it simply was
not evident until the reward was
given.
How is cognition involved?
– Rats seem to develop a cognitive map,
mental representation of one’s
environment, of the maze.
– Latent Learning and Cognitive Map -
Insight Learning - Kohler
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Insight Learning – learning to solve a
problem by understanding various parts of
the problem
Wolfgang Kohler studied insight learning in
chimpanzees
– Kohler placed chimpanzees in certain situations
and watched them solve the problems
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Ex. Hanging a banana out of the chimpanzee’s reach
– Solution: Monkeys stacked boxes on top of one another
to get to the banana
– Kohler believed that the monkeys could not have come
to the solution without a cognitive understanding of how
to solve the problem.
Insight Learning
Insight Learning Videos
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Chimpanzee Problem Solving –
YouTube
Pigeons figure out how to get banana
(REVIEW) People to
Know ….
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Pavlov
Watson
Garcia
Thorndike
Skinner
Rescorla
Bandura
Tolman
Kohler
People to Know ….
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Pavlov – Pavlov’s Dog, Classical Conditioning
Watson – Little Albert, Cl. Cond.
Garcia – Taste Aversions, Cl. Cond.
Thorndike – Law of Effect, Operant Conditioning
Skinner – Skinner Box, Operant Conditioning
Rescorla – Contingency Model of Classical Cond.
Bandura – Bobo Dolls, Observational Learning
Tolman – Latent Learning
Kohler – Insight learning
(REVIEW) Types of
Learning …
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Classical, Operant Conditioning
BF Skinner's Operant Conditioning/
chapter review
Contingency Model of Classical
Conditioning
Observational Learning
Latent Learning
Insight Learning
Review With Video Clips
Psychology - Learning-Classical &
Operant Conditioning (start 1:15)
 Teach a dog to “Take a Nap”
http://www.petvideo.com/play.cgi?sho
wId=206