Transcript Slide 1

Social
Psychology
Developmental
Psychology
Learning
Research
Methods
Motivation and
Emotion
History
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The statement “all academics
are socially inept” is an
example of this.
What is a stereotype?
Return
Social conventions, explicit
laws, and implicit cultural
standards are examples this.
What are norms?
Return
This effect explains why Jacob
has a tendency to take credit
for his good actions while he
attributes his mistakes to “an
off day”.
What is a self serving bias?
Return
You are required to participate in a
perception experiment and so you
join seven other students seated in a
room. You are shown a 10-inch test
line and must choose the line that
matches it in length from a choice
of three lines. The experimenter,
Solomon Asch, is interested in
studying this.
What is conformity?
Return
This phenomenon occurs
when a person makes less
effort to achieve a goal when
they work in a group than
when they work alone.
What is social loafing?
Return
These are mental structures that
allows us to represent an aspect of
the world on some framework, and
which allow us to respond quickly
and effortlessly to a familiar
situation.
What are schemas?
Return
In an experiment where subjects were asked
to rate the pro-Castro attitudes of papers
they read, they rated both those told to
write freely and those assigned the proCastro position as both having a positive
attitude towards Castro. A tendency to
overemphasize a person’s internal states
and underemphasize the situational
explanation is called this.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Return
A safe-driving campaign asks you to
place a small card in your window
showing your support for seatbelt
laws. Later, they ask you to put up a
huge, tasteless sign in your front
yard. This compliance tactic is being
used.
What is foot-in-the-door?
Return
In this classic experiment by Philip
Zimbardo, people quickly began
acting out the roles assigned to
them.
What is the Stanford Prison Experiment?
Return
This psychologist’s controversial
experiment measured the willingness of
study participants to obey an authority
figure who instructed them to perform
acts that conflicted with their personal
conscience.
Who is Stanley Milgram?
Return
These are specific, inborn,
automatic responses to
certain specific stimuli.
What are reflexes?
Return
This is the reciprocal
relationship between parent
and child.
What is attachment?
Return
This syndrome characterizes
physical and cognitive
abnormalities in children
caused by a mother’s heavy
drinking.
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Return
This is a type of study where
there is one variable that is
manipulated (the independent
variable) and its effect on another
variable (the dependent variable)
is observed.
What is an experimental study?
Return
This is a type of study where
changes over time of a single group
of subjects are studied. For example,
a study in which the same group of
children is studied at age three and
a year later at age four.
What is a longitudinal study?
Return
This is a type of study where there are
separate groups of subjects at different ages
compared. For example, a study in which
the performance of a group of three-yearolds on a language comprehension test is
compared to the performance of a different
group of four-year-olds.
What is a cross-sectional study?
Return
The term that Freud used to explain
when boys resent their father’s
relationship with their mother.
What is the oedipus complex?
Return
This psychologist created the
psychosocial stage theory and
thought that our personality was
profoundly influenced by our
experiences with others.
Who is Erik Erikson?
Return
This psychologist raised baby
monkeys with two artificial
wire frame figures made to
resemble mother monkeys in
order to study attachment.
Who is Harry Harlow?
Return
This is the second of the four
stages of Freud’s psychosexual
stages theory, which occurs
from ages 1-3 and develops
during toilet training.
What is the latency stage?
Return
Also known as Pavlovian conditioning.
This type of conditioning involves
pairing a neutral stimulus with a notso-neutral stimulus, which creates a
relationship between the two.
What is classical conditioning?
Return
Pioneered by B.F. Skinner, this type of
conditioning aims to influence a response
through various reinforcement strategies.
(Idea that what we do reaps rewards and
vice versa.)
What is operant conditioning?
Return
This theory posits that individuals learn
through their culture. In other words,
people learn what acceptable and
unacceptable behaviors are through
interacting in society.
What is social learning theory?
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This is any event that an organism
reacts to.
What is a stimulus?
Return
This is the response that a
conditioned stimulus elicits after
conditioning.
What is a conditioned response?
Return
This is not punishment. It is
reinforcement through the
removal of a negative event.
What is a negative reinforcement?
Return
This is the reversal of
conditioning. The goal is to
encourage an organism to
stop doing a certain behavior.
What is extinction?
Return
This describes decreasing
responsiveness to a stimulus as
a result of increasing familiarity
with the stimulus.
What is habituation?
Return
He founded the school of
behaviorism. His idea is that all
behavior could be explained by
stimulus-response chains and that
conditioning was the key factor in
developing these chains.
Who is John B. Watson?
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He proposed that performance= drive x habit,
which means individuals are first
motivated by drive, and then they act
according to old successful habits.
Who is Clark Hull?
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This is an in-depth investigation
of a subject.
What is a case study?
Return
This method makes groups more
similar by giving equal chance for
treatment or control.
What is random assignment?
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This is the tendency to give socially
approved answers.
What is social desirability bias?
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This is when an experimenter does
not intervene when studying a
subject in its own environment.
What is a naturalistic observation?
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To analyze data and draw conclusions.
What is the 4th step in the
scientific method?
Return
This is a correlation that
covaries in the same direction.
What is a positive correlation?
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This is an extraneous variable which
an experimenter can not be sure of
its effects.
What is a confounding variable?
Return
This is the repetition of a study to
see if earlier results are duplicated
and allows for reconciling of
contradictory findings.
What is replication?
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This is a group that grants ethical
approval of studies.
What is the IRB?
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This research allows an investigator
to see if there is a line or
association between variables.
What is correlational research?
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This is the driving force behind
behavior that leads us to pursue
some things and avoid others.
What is motivation?
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These are patterns of emotional
expression considered appropriate
within a culture or subculture.
What are display rules?
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This is the basic categorization of
positive and negative emotions.
What are positive and negative affect?
Return
According to behaviorists, these are
the primary drives for motivation.
What are hunger, thirst, and sex?
Return
This is the brain structure that is
central to emotional reactions.
What is the amygdala (or
structures in the limbic
system)?
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This theory suggests that people
have three innate needscompetence, autonomy, and
relatedness to others-and it says
that motivation arises when these
needs are fulfilled.
What is self-determination theory?
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This theory states that emotioninducing stimuli elicit both an
emotional experience and bodily
responses.
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?
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This theory states that conscious
goals regulate much of human
behavior.
What is the goal-setting theory?
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This perspective suggests that
humans are motivated to produce
behaviors based on rewards by the
environment and they will avoid
behaviors that are punished.
What is the behaviorist perspective?
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This brain hemisphere is dominant
in processing emotional cues from
others and producing facial displays
of emotion.
What is the right hemisphere?
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This is the founder of
psychoanalytic therapy.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
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This is a form of psychology which
is concerned with diagnosis and
treatment of psychological problems
and disorders- This branch became
popular around WWI.
What is clinical psychology?
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He is the founder of functionalism
and originated the idea of a stream
of consciousness.
Who is James?
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These are the two early
schools of thought.
What are structuralism
and functionalism?
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He is the founder of
cognitive psychology.
Who is Piaget?
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Founders of humanistic
psychology who believed behavior
was guided by a ‘self concept’
Who are Rogers and Maslow?
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This person is considered the
founder of psychology and opened
the 1st research laboratory.
Who is Wundt?
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This is the founder of
behaviorism who believed in
Nature vs. Nurture.
Who is Watson?
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This theory the idea that
psychology should be the study
of conscious experience
instead of overt behavior.
What is Gestalt Psychology?
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This is the spirit of Time and Place.
What are Zeitgeist and Ortgeist?
Return