Transcript AP Test Practice - Test Info

AP Psychology Exam Info

Monday, May 5 (afternoon session)
 Bring photo ID, pens/pencils, & DO NOT BE LATE

2 hour, 10 minute exam
 Part 1: Multiple choice
○ 100 questions (A-E)
○ 70 minutes
○ ANSWER EVERY QUESTION! GUESS GUESS GUESS!
 10 minute break
 Part 2: Free response
○ 2 questions
○ 50 minutes
○ ANSWER DIRECTLY!
AP Psychology Exam Info
150 total possible points (100 multiple choice, 50 free response)
Composite Score
AP Grade (approx.)
96-150
5
74-95
4
55-73
3
36-54
2
0-35
1
Unit 1 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 psychology
 phrenology
 structuralism
 introspection
 functionalism
 Gestalt
○ perceptual units
 psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory
○ unconscious
 behaviorism
 humanistic psychology
 cognitive psychology
 social psychology
 nature vs. nurture
 psychology vs. psychiatry

Important People to Know
 John Locke
 Rene Descartes
 Hippocrates
 Wilhelm Wundt
 William James
 Sigmund Freud
Unit 2 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 hypothesis
 theory
 operational definition
 population
 sample (random sampling)
 Descriptive research
○ case study
○ surveys
○ naturalistic observation

Terms/Ideas, cont.







random assignment
reliability
validity (internal & external)
demand characteristics
placebo effect
double-blind design
Descriptive statistics
○ measures of central
tendency
○ measures of variability
 Correlational research
○ correlation coefficient (r)
○ direction and size of correlations
○ drawbacks?
 Inferential statistics
 Experimental research
○ independent & dependent variables
○ experimental & control conditions
○ confounds
 informed consent
 debriefing
 Institutional Review Boards
○ statistical significance
○ meta-analysis
(IRBs)
Unit 3 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Terms/Ideas, cont.
 glial cells
 agonists & antagonists
 Neuron
 Nervous system
○ cell body/soma
○ central and peripheral
○ nucleus
○ PNS = Skeletal and autonomic
○ dendrites
○ ANS = sympathetic and
○ axon
parasympathetic
○ myelin sheath
 Endocrine system
○ Nodes of Ranvier
○ hormones
○ terminal buttons/terminal branches
○ pituitary gland
 resting potential
 Mapping Brain Functions
 action potential
○ EEG
 threshold (“all or none law”)
○ CT scan
 synapse/synaptic cleft
○ PET scan
 Neurotransmitters
○ MRI & fMRI
○ vescicles
○ receptors
○ reuptake
Unit 3 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Hindbrain
○ medulla
○ pons
○ reticular formation
○ cerebellum
 Midbrain
○ thalamus
 Forebrain
○ limbic system
 hippocampus
 hypothalamus
 amygdala
Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Forebrain, cont.
○ cerebral cortex
 frontal lobe
 parietal lobe
 temporal lobe
 occipital lobe
○ corpus callosum
 plasticity
 Important People to Know
 Phineas Gage
 H.M.

Unit 4 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 sensation vs. perception
 bottom-up & top-down processing
 absolute threshold
○ just-noticeable difference (JND)
○ Weber’s Law
 priming
 sensory adaptation
 transduction
 Visual Sensation & Perception
○ amplitude & frequency of light
waves
○ parts of the eye
○ theories of color vision
 trichromatic theory
 opponent-process theory
(afterimages)
○ feature detector neurons

Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Visual Sensation & Perception,
cont.
○ cues to depth perception
(monocular vs. binocular)
○ motion perception
 stroboscopic effect
 phi phenomenon
○ change blindness
○ Stroop task
 Auditory Sensation &
Perception
○ amplitude & frequency of
sound waves
○ parts of the ear
○ pitch theories (place theory,
frequency theory)
○ cocktail party effect
 gate-control theory of pain
 synesthesia
Unit 5 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Terms/Ideas, cont.
 consciousness (normal/waking vs.
 Sleep, cont.
altered states)
○ sleep disorders
 Sleep
 insomnia
 narcolepsy (hypocretin)
○ circadian rhythm (roles of
 sleep apnea
hypothalamus, pineal gland,
 night terrors
melatonin)
 Hypnosis
○ stages of sleep
○ absorption
 brain wave activity
○ applications of hypnosis
 Psychoactive drugs
○ Why do we sleep?
○ addiction, tolerance, & withdrawal
○ Why do we dream?
○ 3 classes:
 Freud (manifest vs. latent
 depressants
content)
 stimulants
 sctivation-synthesis theory
 hallucinogens
 Near-death experiences
 memory consolidation
Unit 6 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Classical conditioning
 Operant conditioning
○ 4 aspects:
○ Law of Effect
 unconditioned stimulus (US)
○ shaping
 conditioned stimulus (CS)
○ positive & negative reinforcement
 unconditioned response (UR)
○ 4 schedules of partial reinforcement:
 conditioned response (CR)
 fixed ratio
○ acquisition
 variable ratio
○ extinction
 fixed interval
○ reacquisition
 variable interval
○ spontaneous recovery
○ positive & negative punishment
○ stimulus discrimination
 Other types of learning besides
○ stimulus generalization
conditioning
○ biological preparedness
○ latent learning
○ taste aversion (Garcia & Koelling
○ insight learning
study)
○ social/observational learning
○ systematic desensitization
(modeling)
○ mirror neurons
Unit 6 Review Topics

Important People to Know
 Ivan Pavlov
 John Watson
 Edward Thorndike
 BF Skinner
 Wolfgang Kohler
 Albert Bandura
In-Class Assignment:
Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)

1. A college guy spends a summer going
down to the football field every day,
scattering birdseed all over the field
while blowing a whistle, then walking off.
 Fall arrives, and the school’s first home game
starts. The referee walks out and blows his
whistle - and the game has to be delayed half
an hour to remove the birds who flocked
when they heard the sound of the whistle.
In-Class Assignment:
Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)

2. This story is from the U.S. Army’s
Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland.
MaryBeth Garrigan of the University of
Minnesota recalls a bird-watching
assignment there during explosives
testing.
 “Looking through my binoculars, I saw a pair of
red-tailed hawks sitting on a telephone pole,
and as the bombing started, I expected the
birds to fly away in a panic. Instead they flew
to a platform closer to the explosions!”
 She made sense of this when the bombing
subsided, and the hawks began flying slowly
over the field, diving down and picking up what
looked like shell-shocked mice and rabbits.
In-Class Assignment:
Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)

3. It’s your first day of college! Ah yes, your
first experiences with dorm life. You are
standing in the shower, trying to wake up, when
you hear someone flush the toilet, then a few
seconds later the shower water turns
scaldingly hot! You yell and jump out of the
way.
 After the water temperature returns to normal,
you resume the shower, but someone else
flushes the toilet, the water gets hot, you jump
again.
 Sooner or later (sooner, I hope!), you begin to
jump out of the way as soon as you hear a toilet
flush without waiting to get burned.
In-Class Assignment:
Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)

4. While crossing an intersection, you are nearly run down
by a car. The next time you approach that intersection, you
find yourself feeling nervous (e.g. palms sweating, heart
racing, etc.)
In-Class Assignment:
Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)

5. In order to punish your cat even when you’re not close
enough to reach him, you have paired the sound of a
clicker with getting squirted with water. Now the sound of
the clicker causes him to startle.
Unit 7 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Memory
 Memory, cont.
○ 3 steps to forming a memory
○ retrograde & anterograde
(encoding, storage, retrieval)
amnesia
○ Atkinson & Shiffring (1968): 3 Stage
○ long-term potentiation
Model of Memory
○ flashbulb memories
 sensory memory  short-term
○ memory interference
(working) memory  long-term
(proactive & retroactive)
memory
○ repression
○ rehearsal
○ mnemonic devices
○ chunking
○ levels/depth of processing
○ primacy & recency effects
○ types of memories
 explicit vs. implicit
 episodic, semantic
Unit 7 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Thinking
○ linguistic relativity (Whorf)
○ algorithms vs. heuristics
 heuristics: availability,
representativeness, anchor &
adjust
○ confirmation bias
 Language
○ phonemes, morphemes
○ grammar (syntax, semantics)
○ Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s
aphasia

Important People to Know
 Hermann Ebbinghaus
 Elizabeth Loftus
 Benjamin Whorf
 Noam Chomsky
Unit 8 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas

 Motivation
○ drive-reduction theory
○ law of optimal arousal (aka.
Yerkes-Dodson Law)
○ hunger (lateral & ventromedial
hypothalamus)
 anorexia nervosa, bulimia
nervosa
○ evolutionary perspective on

mating habits
○ flow
Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Emotion
○ catharsis
○ 3 important theories of emotion
 1. James-Lange
 2. Cannon-Bard
 3. two-factor theory
(Schacter & Singer)
○ polygraph tests
Important People to Know
 Abraham Maslow
 Paul Ekman
 Schacter & Singer
Unit 9 Review Topics


Terms/Ideas
 Physical/Prenatal
Development
○ zygote  embryo  fetus
○ teratogens
 Cognitive Development
○ schemas (assimilation &
accomodation)
○ Piaget’s stage model

 object permanence
 conservation
 egocentrism/theory of
mind
○ autism
5 REVIEW DAYS LEFT!
Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Psychosocial Development
○ attachment styles
○ critical period/imprinting
○ Baumrind’s parenting styles
○ Erikson’s stage model
 Moral Development
○ Kohlberg’s stage model
 dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease
Important People to Know
 Jean Piaget
 Harry Harlow
 Mary Ainsworth
 Konrad Lorenz
 Lawrence Kohlberg
 Erik Erikson
Child Rearing Practices:
Level of Control?

1. authoritarian style
 impose rules, expect unquestioning
obedience & conformity
 high expectations, but no explanation of
rules (“Why? Because I said so.”)
 most likely to use physical punishment
 kids: low in social competence
 rarely take initiative, look to others for
what is right
 lack spontaneity
Child Rearing Practices:
Level of Control?

2. permissive style
 warm, but lax, style
 submit to children’s wishes, make
few demands, use little punishment,
few rules
 kids: selfish, impulsive, aggressive,
insecure, low achievers
 often lacking in social responsibility
Child Rearing Practices:
Level of Control?

3. authoritative style
 both demanding & responsive
 set rules & enforce them...
 ...but explain reasons for rules
 ...and explain why punishment is
happening
 encourage independence
 kids: high self-esteem,
independence
 ability to reason, form own
opinions & arguments
Unit 10 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Psychoanalytic theory (aka.
psychodynamic)
○ the unconscious
○ accessing the unconscious:
 dreams (manifest vs. latent
content)
 free association
 hypnosis
 projective tests
○ id, superego, & ego
○ Freud’s stage model of
psychosexual development
○ Oedipus complex
○ defense mechanisms:
 repression, projection, regression,
reaction formation, sublimation
4 REVIEW DAYS LEFT!
Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Trait approach
○ factor analysis
○ five-factor theory of
personality (“the Big Five”)
 learned helplessness
 Important People to Know
 Sigmund Freud
 Anna O.
 Carl Jung
 Gordon Allport

Unit 11 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Intelligence

○ general intelligence (g)
○ emotional intelligence
○ convergent vs. divergent thinking 
(creativity?)
○ crystallized vs. fluid intelligence
 Intelligence testing
○ Intelligence quotient (IQ)
○ famous IQ tests:
 Binet-Simon
 Stanford-Binet
 WAIS/WISC
○ standardization
○ reliability (test-retest, split-half)
○ validity (criterion)
Terms/Ideas, cont.
 stereotype threat
Important People to Know
 Charles Spearman
 Howard Gardner
 Alfred Binet & Theodore
Simon
 Lewis Terman
Stray Topic #1: Hans Selye

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
 3 stage model of reactions to stress:
○ 1. Alarm (fight-or-flight, sympathetic NS, prepare body)
○ 2. Resistance (remain physically “ready”; can deplete energy if
too long)
○ 3. Exhaustion (parasympathetic NS)
 more vulnerable to disease, illness in Exhaustion stage
Stray Topic #2: Opponent-Process
Theory

Not just for color vision…
 also opposing processes in emotions, addiction
 Emotions & skydivers
○ inexperienced = more scared before, less pleasure upon
landing
○ experienced = less scared before, more pleasure upon
landing
Stray Topic #3: A Few Misc. Names




Carol Gilligan
 refined Kohlberg’s stage theory
○ men = absolute in their morality
○ women = more likely to take situation into account
Hubel & Wiesel
 feature detector neurons
Robert Rescorla
 Contingency model of classical conditioning (aka. RescorlaWagner model)
○ Pavlov = contiguity model (more pairings = more learning)
○ Rescorla = contingency model (more CONSISTENT
pairings = more learning)
 Expectations/cognition matter in conditioning
Schacter & Singer: two-factor theory of emotion
Unit 12 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Diagnostic & Statistical
 Mood disorders
Manual of Mental Disorders,
4th edition (DSM-IV)
○ Major depressive disorder
(MDD)
○ 5 axes
 Seasonal affective disorder
 Anxiety Disorders
(SAD)
○ Generalized anxiety disorder
○ Bipolar disorder (BD)
(GAD)
 Schizophrenia
○ Panic disorder (PD)
○ delusions, hallucinations,
○ Agoraphobia
language disruptions
○ Phobias
 Personality disorders
○ Social anxiety disorder (SAD)
○ especially borderline (BPD)
(aka. social phobia)
and antisocial (APD)
○ Obsessive-compulsive
disorder (OCD)
 Important People to Know
○ Post-traumatic stress disorder
 David Rosenhan
(PTSD)
Unit 13 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Psychoanalytic Therapy
○ resistance
○ transference
 Humanistic Therapy
○ client-centered therapy
○ active listening
 Behavioral therapy
○ counterconditioning
○ token economies
○ systematic desensitization
 Cognitive
therapy/cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT)

Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Types of Medication
○ antipsychotics,
antidepressants, antianxiety,
mood-stabilizers
 “Alternative” Therapies
○ electroconvulsive therapy
(ECT), rTMS, EMDR, lobotomy

Important People to Know
 Sigmund Freud
 Carl Rogers
Stray Topic #4: Types of
Intelligence Tests
aptitude tests: ability, what
you can do
 achievement tests:
knowledge, what you have
learned

Stray Topic #5: Somatoform
Disorders

experiencing physical problems in the absence of
any physical cause
 hypochondriasis: frequent physical complaints for
which doctors cannot find cause
○ minor problems indicative of major problems?
 conversion disorder: severe physical problems with
no apparent biological reason (paralysis, blindness)

Due to unresolved unconscious conflicts?
Reinforced behaviors?
Stray Topic #6: RationalEmotive Behavior Therapy
Specific type of CBT
 Developed by Albert
Ellis
 Aims to expose,
confront dysfunctional
thoughts of clients

Stray Topic #7: Group
Dynamics
besides social facilitation, social loafing
 group polarization: groups make more
extreme decisions than they would
individually
 groupthink: group members suppress
concerns about ideas that group
supports

 false unanimity (missing important flaws in
idea?)
Unit 14 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Hindsight bias
 Fundamental attribution error
 Social roles (Stanford Prison
Study)
 Cognitive dissonance
 Conformity
○ Informational & normative
social influence
 Obedience to authority
 Helping behavior
○ Bystander effect, diffusion of
responsibility
 Terror Management Theory

Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Stereotypes, prejudice, &
discrimination
○ Explicit vs. implicit attitudes (IAT)
○ outgroup homogeneity, ingroup
favoritism
 Persuasion
○ Elaboration Likelihood Model
(ELM)
○ persuasion techniques:
 foot-in-the-door
 door-in-the-face
 Attraction & relationships
○ mere exposure effect
○ halo effect
○ Sternberg’s triangle theory
 Group processes
○ social facilitation, social loafing
Unit 14 Review Topics

Important People to Know
 Phil Zimbardo
 Leon Festinger
 Solomon Asch
 Stanley Milgram