Transcript AP REVIEW - Mr. Lazarewicz's AP Psychology Website

AP REVIEW
Today’s Class

Announcements:
 MANDATORY AP ASSEMBLY NEXT WEEK DURING CONFERENCE
PERIOD IN THE AUDITORIUM:
○ Monday, April 20
 Freshmen & Sophomores: 7:45 – 8:30 am
 Juniors & Seniors: 8:45 – 9:15 am
 Not that you would know it, but TUSD Stats is current (except for 13-14
Exam)
○ If you missed the exam on Units 13-14, please schedule a makeup ASAP
 Connections Assignment: Friday, April 24


AP Info & Review Schedule
Units 1-2 Review
Final Exam Info
Part 1: Thursday, April 30
 Part 2: Friday, May 1
 Cheat sheets ARE allowed.

 1 piece of 8.5x11” paper, but only one side
of the paper this time
 Nothing that unfolds or somehow gives you
more space.
 You don’t have to make a cheat sheet.
AP Psychology Exam Info

Monday, May 4 (afternoon session)
 bring photo ID, pens/pencils, & DO NOT BE LATE

2 hour, 10 minute exam
 Part 1: Multiple choice
○ 100 questions (A-E)
○ 70 minutes
○ ANSWER EVERY QUESTION! GUESS GUESS GUESS!
 10 minute break
 Part 2: Free response
○ 2 questions
○ 50 minutes
○ ANSWER DIRECTLY!
AP Psychology Exam Info
150 total possible points (100 multiple choice, 50 free response)
Composite Score
AP Grade (approx.)
96-150
5
74-95
4
55-73
3
36-54
2
0-35
1

Terms/Ideas
 psychology
 phrenology
 empiricism
 dualism
 tabula rasa
 structuralism
○
Unit 1 Review Topics
introspection
 functionalism
 Gestalt psychology
○ perceptual units
 psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory
○ unconscious
 behaviorism
 humanistic psychology
 cognitive psychology
 social psychology
 nature vs. nurture
 psychology vs. psychiatry

Important People to Know
 John Locke
 Rene Descartes
 Hippocrates
 Sir Frances Bacon
 Wilhelm Wundt
 William James
 Sigmund Freud
Unit 2 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 hypothesis
 theory
 operational definition
 population
 sample (random sampling)
 Descriptive research
○
case study
○ surveys
○ naturalistic observation
 Correlational research
○ correlation coefficient (r)
○ direction and size of correlations
○ limitations?
 Experimental research
○ independent & dependent variables
○ experimental & control conditions
○ confounds

Terms/Ideas, cont.
 random assignment
 reliability
 validity (internal & external)
 demand characteristics
 placebo effect
 double-blind design
 Descriptive statistics
○ measures of central tendency
○ measures of variability
 Inferential statistics
○ statistical significance
○ meta-analysis
 informed consent
 debriefing
 Institutional Review Boards
(IRBs)

Unit 3 Review Topics
Terms/Ideas
 glial cells
 Neuron
○ cell body/soma
○ nucleus
○ dendrites
○ axon
○ myelin sheath
 Nodes of Ranvier, Schwann cells
○ terminal buttons/terminal branches





resting potential
action potential
threshold (“all or none law”)
synapse/synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters
○ vescicles
○ receptors
○ reuptake (SSRIs)

Terms/Ideas, cont.
 agonists & antagonists
 Nervous system
○ central and peripheral
○ Peripheral  Skeletal and
Autonomic
○ Autonomic  Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic
 Endocrine system
○ hormones
○ pituitary gland
 Mapping Brain Functions
○ EEG
○ CT scan
○ PET scan
○ MRI & fMRI
Unit 3 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Hindbrain
○ medulla
○ pons
○ reticular formation
○ cerebellum
 Midbrain
○ thalamus
 Forebrain
○ limbic system
 hippocampus
 hypothalamus
 amygdala
Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Forebrain, cont.
○ cerebral cortex
 frontal lobe
 parietal lobe
 temporal lobe
 occipital lobe
○ corpus callosum
○ anterior cingulate
 plasticity
 Important People to Know
 Phineas Gage
 H.M.

Unit 4 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas

 sensation vs. perception
 bottom-up & top-down processing
 absolute threshold
○ just-noticeable difference (JND)
○ Weber’s Law
 priming
 signal detection theory
 sensory adaptation
 transduction
 Visual Sensation & Perception
○ amplitude & frequency of light waves
○ parts of the eye
○ theories of color vision
 trichromatic theory
 opponent-process theory
(afterimages)
○ feature detector neurons
Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Visual Sensation & Perception,
cont.
○ cues to depth perception
(monocular vs. binocular)
○ motion perception
 stroboscopic effect
 phi phenomenon
○ change blindness
○ Stroop task
 Auditory Sensation & Perception
○ amplitude & frequency of sound
waves
○ parts of the ear
○ pitch theories (place theory,
frequency theory)
○ cocktail party effect
 gate-control theory of pain
 synesthesia
Unit 5 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 consciousness (normal/waking vs.
altered states)
 Sleep
○ circadian rhythm (roles of
hypothalamus, pineal gland,
melatonin)
○ stages of sleep
 brain wave activity
○ Why do we sleep?
○ Why do we dream?
 Freud (manifest vs. latent
content)
 activation-synthesis theory
 memory consolidation
 Sleep, cont.
○ sleep disorders




insomnia
narcolepsy (hypocretin)
sleep apnea
night terrors
 Hypnosis
○ absorption
○ applications of hypnosis
 Psychoactive drugs
○ addiction, tolerance, & withdrawal
○ 3 classes:
 depressants
 stimulants
 hallucinogens
 Near-death experiences

Unit 6 Review Topics
Terms/Ideas
 Classical conditioning
○ 4 aspects:
 unconditioned stimulus (US)
 conditioned stimulus (CS)
 unconditioned response (UR)
 conditioned response (CR)
○ acquisition
○ extinction
○ reacquisition
○ spontaneous recovery
○ stimulus discrimination
○ stimulus generalization
○ biological preparedness
○ taste aversion (Garcia & Koelling
study)
○ systematic desensitization
 Operant conditioning
○
○
○
○
Law of Effect
shaping
positive & negative reinforcement
4 schedules of partial reinforcement:
 fixed ratio
 variable ratio
 fixed interval
 variable interval
○ positive & negative punishment
 Other types of learning besides
conditioning
○ latent learning
○ insight learning
○ social/observational learning
(modeling)
○ mirror neurons
Unit 6 Review Topics

Important People to Know
 Ivan Pavlov
 John Watson
 Edward Thorndike
 BF Skinner
 Wolfgang Kohler
 Albert Bandura
 Robert Rescorla
Unit 7 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Memory
 Memory, cont.
○ 3 steps to forming a memory
○ retrograde & anterograde
(encoding, storage, retrieval)
amnesia
○ Atkinson & Shiffring (1968): 3 Stage
○ long-term potentiation
Model of Memory
○ flashbulb memories
 sensory memory  short-term
○ memory interference
(working) memory  long-term
(proactive & retroactive)
memory
○ repression
○ rehearsal
○ mnemonic devices
○ chunking
○ levels/depth of processing
○ primacy & recency effects
○ types of memories
 explicit vs. implicit
 episodic, semantic, procedural
Unit 7 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Thinking
○ linguistic relativity (Whorf)
○ algorithms vs. heuristics
 heuristics: availability,
representativeness, anchor &
adjust
○ confirmation bias
 Language
○ phonemes, morphemes
○ grammar (syntax, semantics)
○ Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s
aphasia

Important People to Know
 Hermann Ebbinghaus
 Elizabeth Loftus
 Benjamin Whorf
 Noam Chomsky

Unit 8 Review Topics
Emotion

Terms/Ideas
 Motivation
○ drive-reduction theory
○ law of optimal arousal (aka.
Yerkes-Dodson Law)
○ Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
○ basic emotions
○ catharsis
○ 3 important theories of emotion
 1. James-Lange
 2. Cannon-Bard
 3. two-factor theory (Schacter
& Singer)
○ polygraph tests
○ effects of stress
 self-actualization
○ hunger (lateral & ventromedial
hypothalamus)
 anorexia nervosa, bulimia
nervosa
○ evolutionary perspective on
mating habits
○ flow
 General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS)

Important People to Know
 Abraham Maslow
 Paul Ekman
 Schacter & Singer
 Hans Selye
Unit 9 Review Topics


Terms/Ideas
 Physical/Prenatal Development
○ zygote  embryo  fetus
○ teratogens
 Cognitive Development
○ schemas (assimilation &
accomodation)
○ Piaget’s stage model
 object permanence

 conservation
 egocentrism/theory of mind
○ autism
Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Psychosocial Development
○ attachment styles
○ critical period/imprinting
○ Baumrind’s parenting styles
○ Erikson’s stage model
 Moral Development
○ Kohlberg’s stage model
 dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease
Important People to Know
 Jean Piaget
 Harry Harlow
 Mary Ainsworth
 Konrad Lorenz
 Lawrence Kohlberg
 Erik Erikson
Unit 10 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Psychoanalytic theory (aka.
 Terms/Ideas, cont.
psychodynamic)
 Trait approach
○ the unconscious
○ factor analysis
○ Ways to access the unconscious:
○ five-factor theory of
 dreams (manifest vs. latent content)
personality (“the Big Five”)
 free association
 hypnosis
 learned helplessness
 projective tests
 Important People to Know
○ id, superego, & ego
 Sigmund Freud
○ Freud’s stage model of
 Anna O.
psychosexual development
 Carl Jung
○ Oedipus complex
 Gordon Allport
○ defense mechanisms:
 Alfred Adler
 repression, displacement,
projection, regression, reaction
formation, sublimation
Unit 11 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Intelligence

○ general intelligence (g)
○ emotional intelligence

○ convergent vs. divergent thinking
(creativity)
○ crystallized vs. fluid intelligence
 Intelligence testing
○ Intelligence quotient (IQ)
○ famous IQ tests:
 Binet-Simon
 Stanford-Binet
 WAIS/WISC
○ standardization
○ reliability (test-retest; split-half)
○ validity (criterion/predictive)
Terms/Ideas, cont.
 stereotype threat
Important People to Know
 Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
 Lewis Terman
 Charles Spearman
 Howard Gardner
 Robert Sternberg
Unit 12 Review Topics


Terms/Ideas
 Diagnostic & Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders, 4th edition
(DSM-IV)
○ 5 axes of the DSM
 Anxiety Disorders
○ Generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD)
○ Panic disorder (PD)
○ Agoraphobia
○ Phobias
○ Social anxiety disorder (SAD)
(aka. social phobia)
○ Obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD)
○ Post-traumatic stress disorder 
(PTSD)
Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Mood disorders
○ Major depressive disorder (MDD)
 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
○ Bipolar disorder (BD)
 Schizophrenia
○ delusions, hallucinations, language
disruptions
 Personality disorders
○ especially borderline (BPD) and
antisocial (APD)
 Dissociative Identity Disorder
(DID)
 Somatoform disorders
Important People to Know
 David Rosenhan
Unit 13 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Psychoanalytic Therapy
○ resistance
○ transference
 Humanistic Therapy
○ client-centered therapy
○ active listening
 Behavioral therapy
○ counterconditioning
○ token economies
○ systematic desensitization
 Cognitive
therapy/cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT)
○ rational-emotive therapy

Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Types of Medication
○ antipsychotics,
antidepressants, antianxiety,
mood-stabilizers
 “Alternative” Therapies
○ electroconvulsive therapy
(ECT), rTMS, EMDR, lobotomy

Important People to Know
 Sigmund Freud
 Carl Rogers
 Albert Ellis
Unit 14 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas
 Hindsight bias
 Fundamental attribution error
 Social roles (Stanford Prison
Study)
 Cognitive dissonance
 Conformity
○ Informational & normative
social influence
 Obedience to authority
 Helping behavior
○ Bystander effect, diffusion of
responsibility
 Terror Management Theory

Terms/Ideas, cont.
 Stereotypes, prejudice, &
discrimination
○ Explicit vs. implicit attitudes (IAT)
○ outgroup homogeneity, ingroup
favoritism
 Persuasion
○ Elaboration Likelihood Model
(ELM)
○ persuasion techniques:
 foot-in-the-door
 door-in-the-face
 Attraction & relationships
○ mere exposure effect
○ halo effect
○ Sternberg’s triangle theory
 Group processes
○ social facilitation, social loafing,
group polarization, groupthink
Unit 14 Review Topics

Important People to Know
 Phil Zimbardo
 Leon Festinger
 Solomon Asch
 Stanley Milgram
 Robert Sternberg