Transcript US History-Honors

U.S. History-Honors
Unit 4: Division and Uneasy Reunion (1846-1877)
Chapters 10-12
Harriet
Beecher
Stowe
(1811 – 1896)
“So this is the little
lady who started the
Civil War.”
-Abraham Lincoln
Uncle Tom’s
Cabin
1852
 Sold 300,000 copies
in the first year.
 2 million in a
decade!
 Detailed the harsh
treatment of slaves
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below
detailing Henry Clay’s Compromise of 1850. (pgs.
321-322)
Compromise of 1850
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Compromise of 1850
New Political Parties
• Whigs
 1852: last election where the Whigs are a
powerhouse
 Many northern supporters abandon the party due to
their willingness to compromise on slavery issues
• Free Soil Party
 Created in 1848
 Sought to end slavery in new territories.
The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]
 Nativists.
 Anti-Catholics.
 Antiimmigrants.
1849  Secret Order of the Star-Spangled
Banner created in NYC.
Birth of the Republican Party, 1854
 Northern Whigs.
 Northern Democrats.
 Free-Soilers.
 Know-Nothings.
 Other miscellaneous
opponents of the KansasNebraska Act.
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
• Stephen Douglas proposal for all territories to have popular
sovereignty in deciding the question of slavery
“Bleeding Kansas”
Border
“Ruffians”
(pro-slavery
Missourians)
John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
In response to the border ruffians
illegally voting and violence, Brown
and his followers drag 5 men from
their homes and kill them in front of
their families.
“The Crime Against Kansas”
Sumner insults SC Sen.
Andrew Butler. Butler’s
nephew, Rep. Brooks beats
Sumner with his cane on the
floor of the Senate.
Sen. Charles Sumner
(R-MA)
Congr. Preston Brooks
(D-SC)
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Slaves, because they were
not citizens were denied
the right to sue in court.

Enslaved people could not
win freedom simply by
living in a free state or
territory

Missouri Compromise was
declared unconstitutional
and all of the U.S. and its
territories were opened to
slavery.
The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate)
Debates, 1858
“A House divided
against itself, cannot
stand.” - Lincoln
John Brown’s Raid
on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

Attempted to attack the
arsenal and arm nearby
slaves to lead a rebellion

Failed miserably and
Brown is captured and
hanged, making him a
martyr to many
antislavery supporters

“I…am now quite certain
that the crimes of this
guilty land will never be
purged away, but with
Blood.”
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
1860
Election
Results
Republicans
win due to the
Democratic
Party splitting
in three
Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860
Crittenden Compromise:
A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity
Senator John J.
Crittenden
(Know-Nothing-KY)
Advocated reinstating the
Missouri Compromise
line of 36° 30’ N for
determining slavery in the
territories.
Failed.
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
"If I could save the Union without freeing any
slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by
freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I
could do it by freeing some and leaving others
alone, I would also so that."
-Pres. Abraham Lincoln
August 1862
The Civil War was a battle over federalism!
Who has the ultimate power—federal government or the states?
Confederate States of America (CSA)
Capital:
Montgomery, AL
then
Richmond, VA
President
Jefferson Davis
Vice President
Alexander Stephens
“Dixie”
O, I wish I was in the land of cotton
Old times there are not forgotten
Look away! Look away!
Look away! Dixie Land.
In Dixie Land where I was born in
Early on one frosty mornin'
Look away! Look away!
Look away! Dixie Land.
Chorus:
O, I wish I was in Dixie!
Hooray! Hooray!
In Dixie Land I'll take my stand
To live and die in Dixie
Away, away,
Away down south in Dixie!
Comparing North and South in 1861
North
South
Population
71%
29%
Bank Deposits
81%
19%
Factories
86%
14%
Food Crops
72%
28%
Horses
72%
28%
Railroad Tracks
72%
28%
More Comparisons
• Northern Advantages
Functioning government and navy
• Southern Advantages
7 of 8 military colleges were in the South
Most trained officers were Southerners
Eager to fight to protect their homeland
Easier to be on the defensive
Early Military Strategy
• North
Naval blockade of the South cutting off trade
with Europe
• South
War of attrition
Voluntarily stopped exporting cotton trying
to get foreign nations to recognize their
independence, thus reopening trade.
“Battle Hymn of the Republic”
Julia Ward Howe poem first appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in February 1862.
She wrote it after visiting a Union army camp. It became the Union’s most famous song.
Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of
the Lord;
He is trampling out the vintage where the
grapes of wrath are stored;
He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His
terrible swift sword;
His truth is marching on.
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! His truth is marching
on.
I have seen Him in the watch fires of a hundred
circling camps
They have builded Him an altar in the evening
dews and damps;
I can read His righteous sentence by the dim
and flaring lamps;
His day is marching on.
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! His day is marching on.
I have read a fiery Gospel writ in burnished rows
of steel;
“As ye deal with My contemners, so with you My
grace shall deal”;
Let the Hero, born of woman, crush the serpent
with His heel,
Since God is marching on.
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Since God is marching
on.
He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call
retreat;
He is sifting out the hearts of men before His judgment seat;
Oh, be swift, my soul, to answer Him! be jubilant, my feet;
Our God is marching on.
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Our God is marching on.
In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea,
With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me:
As He died to make men holy, let us live to make men free;
[originally …let us die to make men free]
While God is marching on.
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! While God is marching on.
He is coming like the glory of the morning on the wave,
He is wisdom to the mighty, He is honor to the brave;
So the world shall be His footstool, and the soul of wrong His
slave,
Our God is marching on.
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Our God is marching on.
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below
explaining the major battles of 1861-1862. (pgs. 341348)
Major Battles of 1861-1862
Battle
1st Bull Run
Forts Henry &
Donelson
Shiloh
Seven Pines
2nd Bull Run
Antietam
Union Officer
Confederate
Officer
Victor/Why
Ironclads
Battle of Antietam
• September 17, 1862
• 26,000 casualties in one day
• Union victorious after discovering
Lee’s battle plan, but failed to
pursue them back to Virginia
• Significances
 bloodiest day of the Civil War
 Southern defeat ends discussion
among the French to recognize
the CSA
 Northern victory causes Lincoln
to issue the Emancipation
Proclamation
Famous Civil War Figures
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
Wins earliest Union
victories in the West
(Forts Henry and
Donelson)
Success at Vicksburg
causes Lincoln to
appoint him General of
the Potomac
Constantly advanced
his army
Defeated Lee
Gen. Robert E. Lee
Considered the best
officer in the US prior
to the war
1862 becomes the
General of the Army
of Northern Virginia
Gen. Thomas
“Stonewall” Jackson
Cavalry general
Hero of the First
Battle of Bull Run and
1862 Valley Campaign.
Greatest general of
the war
Shot by his own
troops at the Battle of
Chancellorsville.
Won numerous
battles in spite of
inferior troop numbers
Died days later of
complications from
pneumonia.
Gen. Nathan
Bedford Forrest
Enlisted as a private
Best cavalryman of
the war
Hero of the Battle of
Chickamauga
Led the Massacre of
Fort Pillow
1st Grand Wizard of
the KKK
Politics in the South
• CSA constitution reiterated the legality of
slavery and states’ rights
• Violations of states’ rights
 April 1862 – passed the first conscription (draft)
act in US history
 Seized control of railroads
 Planned economy
 Farmers were required to contribute 1/10th of
products
 Imposed personal income tax
• Sought recognition from Europe
Politics in the North
• Tension with Britain
 Britain acted as privateers for the South
 Trent incident
• Republicans in Power
Copperhead
Clement
Vallandigham
 Most Democrats left Congress, thus the Republican
majority passed a slew of legislation
 1861 – passed the first personal income tax law (3-5%) in US history
 Pacific Railway Act (1862) – build a railroad from Nebraska to the Pacific
Ocean
 Legal Tender Act (1862) – created a national currency nicknamed
greenbacks
 Internal Revenue Act (1862) – imposed taxes on liquor, tobacco, medicine and
newspaper ads
 Homestead Act (1863) – offered free gov land to people willing to settle on it
 Raised tariffs
• Opposition
 Copperheads – Democrats that stayed loyal to the Union but opposed war
 Lincoln declares martial law in Kentucky and suspends the writ of habeas
corpus elsewhere
Emancipation Proclamation
• Effective Jan. 1, 1863 –
only freed slaves in
states in rebellion
• Further made European
recognition of the CSA
unlikely due to strong
antislavery sentiment
• The war now included
slavery, not just
federalism
 Created a higher moral
cause to fight
Emancipation in 1863
New York City Draft Riots
• March 3, 1863 – Union
passes the conscription
act requiring military
service for all person 1845.
• People could avoid the
draft by sending a
replacement or pay $300
• July 13-16, 1863
 100+ dead including 11
blacks
 Union sent in troops to
quell the rioters
African-Americans in the War
• Union recognized slaves as contraband and thus
could take control of them. Then they’d free them.
• 10% of Union troops were African-Americans
• Segregated from white soldiers, but each black
regiment had white officers
• 54th Massachusetts Infantry
Southern Economy and Medical Care
• South Economy
Clara Barton
 Food shortages
 Farmers kept growing cotton instead of food
 Labor shortages
 Women filled many roles
 Inflation
 The collective hardships led some Confederates to desert
• Medical Care
 More soldiers died of disease than any other cause during the
war
 Due to poor sterilization practices, insufficient medical
facilities, poor nutrition, contaminated food, and harsh
weather conditions.
 Many nurses tended to ailing soldiers including Clara Barton
who later founded the American Red Cross and poet Walt
Whitman
Confederate Prison Camp
at Point Lookout, MD
 Planned to hold 10,000 men.
 Had almost 50,000 at one time.
Point Lookout Memorial
of 4,000 Dead Rebel Prisoners
Union Prison Camp
at Andersonville, GA
Original Andersonville Plan
 Planned to hold 10,000 men.
 Had over 32,000 at one time.
Distributing “Rations”
Union “Survivors”
Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below
explaining the major battles of 1863. (pgs. 360-364)
Major Battles of 1863
Battle
Fredericksburg
Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
Vicksburg
Union
Officer
Confederate
Officer
Victor/Why
Battle of Gettysburg
• July 1-3, 1863
Day 1
• Greatest battle in North American
history
• Confederate goal was to win a
victory on Union soil thus
demoralizing them
Day 2
• Significances
 bloodiest battle of the Civil War
 23,000 Union casualties (27%)
 28,000 Confederate casualties
(37%)
 Lee retreated back to Virginia
and the Union received a much
needed victory
Day 3
“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,
conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of
that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for
those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—
this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it,
far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us
the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought
here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the
great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased
devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we
here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation,
under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people,
by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
-Pres. Abraham Lincoln
November 19, 1863
“Gettysburg Address”
1864
• Ulysses S. Grant is given command of the Union forces
 Appoints friend William Tecumseh Sherman as commander of
Union troops in the West
 Plan is to use the North’s superior population and industry to
wear down the CSA
• Eastern theater
 Grant vs. Lee
 Battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor all see
Grant constantly advance his troops towards Richmond despite
large number of casualties
 Decides to lay siege to Petersburg, an important railroad hub,
thus attempting to cut off supplies to Richmond
 Lee’s troops dig trenches and wait for the November election
hoping Lincoln will be voted out of office
Sherman’s March to the Sea
1864
• Southern and Western theater
 Sherman begins in Chattanooga,
TN, marches toward Atlanta
William
 September 1864 – Sherman captures Atlanta
Tecumseh
Sherman
and burned the city to the ground
Victory guarantees Lincoln’s reelection in November
 Began Sherman’s March to the Sea destroying
railroads, crops, livestock, factories, and bridges in their
path.
 Justifies his actions by stating “war is cruelty”
 Reached Savannah, GA (i.e. the sea) on Dec. 21 and
captured it without a fight.
 Moves north ravaging the Carolinas destroying
Confederate morale attempting to merge his army with
Grant’s in Virginia.
Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse
April 9, 1865
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
“The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down”
Virgil Caine is the name, and I served on the Danville train,
'Til Stoneman's cavalry came and tore up the tracks again.
In the winter of '65, We were hungry, just barely alive.
By May the tenth, Richmond had fell, it's a time I remember, oh so well,
Chorus:
The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down, and the bells were ringing,
The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down, and the people were singin',
They went La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La
Back with my wife in Tennessee, When one day she called to me,
"Virgil, quick, come see, there goes Robert E. Lee!"
Now I don't mind choppin' wood,
and I don't care if the money's no good.
Ya take what ya need and ya leave the rest,
But they should never have taken the very best.
Chorus
Like my father before me, I will work the land,
Like my brother above me, who took a rebel stand.
He was just eighteen, proud and brave,
But a Yankee laid him in his grave,
I swear by the mud below my feet,
You can't raise a Caine back up when he's in defeat
Lincoln Assassination
April 14, 1865
 Booth was an actor who conspired to
kill not only Lincoln, but also his
cabinet.
 Killed Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre
Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
Reconstruction and the New South
• The South’s economy is
shattered
• Many cities in ruin
• Tens of thousands Confederate
veterans unemployed and had to
compete for jobs with freed blacks
• 4 million freed slaves homeless and penniless
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
• 624,000 Americans died during the Civil War
 More than twice than any other war
 364,000 Union soldiers
 38,000 of which were African-Americans
 260,000 Confederate soldiers
• Radical Republicans
 Group of Congressmen that proposed the Wade-Davis Act
which would force Confederates to take an oath of past and
future loyalty
Charles
Sumner
Benjamin
Wade
Thaddeus
Stevens
President Andrew Johnson
• Pro-Union southerner who
Lincoln picked as his VP in
1864 to “balance the ticket”
• White supremacist
• Vetoes numerous
Reconstruction bills such as the
Freedman’s Bureau and 1866
Civil Rights Act
 Congress overrides his vetoes
 Most overridden president in
history
Directions: Complete the Venn diagram below
comparing Lincoln and Johnson’s Reconstruction
plans. (pgs. 426-427)
Lincoln’s
Plan
Johnson’s
Plan
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and Abandoned
Lands.
 Provided relief and aid to
freed blacks including
education.
 First federal relief agency
in US history
 Called “carpetbaggers” by
white southern Democrats.
 White southern Republicans
were considered traitors
called “scalawags”
Black Life in the South
• Once states rejoined the Union, they quickly passed black
codes which sought to restrict freedman’s rights
 Curfews
 Vagrancy laws
 Labor Contracts
 Land restrictions
• Congress responds with the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the
Reconstruction Act of 1867
 Divided the South into 5 military districts
 Ordered states to hold new elections fo rdelegates to create
new state constitutions
 Barred those who supported the Confederacy from voting
 Required southern states to guarantee equal rights
 Required states to ratify the 14th Amendment.
Civil War Amendments
• 13th Amendment
 Ratified in December 1865
 Outlaws slavery in the U.S.
• 14th Amendment
 Ratified in 1868
 No state can pass laws
that deny any citizen due
process of law
• 15th Amendment
 Ratified in March 1870
 Guarantees blacks the
right to vote
Slavery is Dead?
The Showdown
 Tenure of Office Act (1867)
*
The President could not remove
any officials [esp. Cabinet members]
without the Senate’s consent, if the
position originally required Senate
approval.
 Designed to protect radical
members of Lincoln’s government.
 A question of the
constitutionality of this law.
Edwin Stanton
President Johnson’s Impeachment
 Johnson removed Stanton in February 1868.
 The House impeached him on February 24
before even drawing up the charges by a vote of
126 – 47!
The Senate Trial
 11 week trial.
 Johnson acquitted
35 to 19 (one short of
required 2/3s vote).
“New South”
• Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
 System that trapped poor people (white and black) in a
cycle of debt
 Led to the rise of merchants in the South
• Rebuilding Infrastructure
 Began building factories, railroads, cities, roads,
bridges, and public schools
Tenancy & the Crop Lien
System
Furnishing Merchant
Tenant
Farmer
Landowner
 Loan tools and seed
up to 60% interest
to tenant farmer to
plant spring crop.
 Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from
merchant until the
harvest.
 Merchant holds
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
repayment of debt.
 Plants crop,
harvests in
autumn.
 Turns over up to ½
of crop to land
owner as payment
of rent.
 Tenant gives
remainder of crop
to merchant in
payment of debt.
 Rents land to tenant
in exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.
“Buffalo Soldiers”
term used for all African-American army regiments
Buffalo Soldier, Dreadlock Rasta:
There was a Buffalo Soldier in the heart of
America,
Stolen from Africa, brought to America,
Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival.
Buffalo Soldier troddin' through the land, woho-ooh!
Said he wanna ran, then you wanna hand,
Troddin' through the land, yea-hea, yea-ea.
I mean it, when I analyze the stench To me it makes a lot of sense:
How the Dreadlock Rasta was the Buffalo Soldier,
And he was taken from Africa, brought to
America,
Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival.
Said he was a Buffalo Soldier win the war for
America;
Buffalo Soldier, Dreadlock Rasta,
Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival;
Driven from the mainland to the heart of the
Caribbean.
Said he was a Buffalo Soldier, Dreadlock Rasta
Buffalo Soldier in the heart of America.
If you know your history,
Then you would know where you coming from,
Then you wouldn't have to ask me,
Who the 'eck do I think I am.
I'm just a Buffalo Soldier in the heart of America,
Stolen from Africa, brought to America,
Said he was fighting on arrival, fighting for
survival;
Said he was a Buffalo Soldier win the war for
America.
Dreadie,
Woy yoy
Woy yoy
Woy yoy
woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,
yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!
yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,
yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!
Singing, woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,
Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!
Woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,
Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!
Troddin' through San Juan in the arms of
America;
Troddin' through Jamaica, a Buffalo Soldier
Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival:
Buffalo Soldier, Dreadlock Rasta.
Woy
Woy
Woy
Woy
yoy
yoy
yoy
yoy
yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,
yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!
yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,
yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!
Black & White Political Participation
Black Senate & House Delegates
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
 Ku Klux Klan founded
in 1866.
 Sought to eliminate the
Republican Party in the
south and keep blacks
submissive through
terrorist activities.
 Congress responds by
passing the
Enforcement Act of
1870 which banned the
use of terror, force and
bribery to prevent
people from voting.
Equal Rights Party – 1872 ticket
Presidential Nominee
Victoria Woodhull
Vice Presidential Nominee
Frederick Douglass
End of Reconstruction
• Why?
 Corruption: tons of money was wasted or lost
 Economy: southern states went deep into debt and the
Panic of 1873 hit taking focus off the equality issue
 Violence: scared blacks from exercising the right to
vote
 Democrats Return to Power: whites regain control of
their state legislatures
 Supreme Court limits the scope of the Civil Rights
amendments thus allowing states to disenfranchise
African-Americans
• Compromise of 1877
 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes becomes president in
return for the removal of federal troops in southern
states
1876 Presidential Tickets
1876 Presidential Election