Transcript US History-Honors

U.S. History 101
Chapter 14
New Political Parties
• Whigs
 1852: last election where the Whigs are a
powerhouse
 supported the supremacy of Congress over the
presidency and favored a program of modernization
and economic protection.
 Many northern supporters abandon the party due to
their willingness to compromise on slavery issues
• Free Soil Party
 Created in 1848
 Sought to end slavery in new territories.
The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]

Nativists

Native born Americans
received better
treatment then
immigrants

Response to surge of
immigration from 184654

Protestant and were AntiCatholics.

Anti-immigrants.

Lead to a secret
organization: Order of the
Star-Spangled Banner
Birth of the Republican Party, 1854
 Northern Whigs.
 Northern Democrats.
 Free-Soilers.
 Other miscellaneous
opponents of the KansasNebraska Act.
 Goal was to stop the “Slave
Power”
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
• Stephen Douglas proposal for all territories to have popular
sovereignty in deciding the question of slavery
Election of 1856
• Democrats nominated James Buchanan
for President
• Republicans nominated John C.
Fremont
• American Party nominated former
President Millard Fillmore
– Republicans strong Northern support, but
Buchanan wins the presidency.
“Bleeding Kansas” 5/24/1856
Southerners attacked and looted newspaper offices and
homes in Lawrence, Kansas
John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
In response to the border ruffians
illegally voting and violence, Brown
and his followers drag 5 men from
their homes and kill them in front of
their families.
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Scott, enslaved living in MO. Had filed
suit against his owner. Because him
and his wife used to live in a free state
as a Slave they should be determined
Free.

Slaves, because they were not citizens
were denied the right to sue in court.

Enslaved people could not win freedom
simply by living in a free state or
territory

Missouri Compromise was declared
unconstitutional and all of the U.S. and
its territories were opened to slavery.

Slaves were property of their owners
and owners could not be deprived of
their right to own property.
The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate)
Debates, 1858
Douglas:
Popular Sovereignty
majority of the people
in a state or territory could rule
as they wished including making
slavery legal
Lincoln:
Majority should have
the power to deny a minority
their rights to life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness
John Brown’s Raid
on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

Attempted to attack the
arsenal and arm nearby
slaves to lead a rebellion

Failed miserably and
Brown is captured and
hanged, making him a
martyr to many
antislavery supporters

“I…am now quite certain
that the crimes of this
guilty land will never be
purged away, but with
Blood.”
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
• Southern Democrats met in South Carolina:
Government should protect slavery in the territories
• Northern Democrats stood by the doctrine of popular
sovereignty.
• Unable to gain control of the voting, delegates from 8
Southern States left the convention and agreed to
meet separately to nominate their own candidate.
This split the Democrats
• Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge
• Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas
• Moderate Southerners, Whigs and
American parties met in Baltimore to
form their own new party.
Constitutional Union Party.
1860
Election
Results
Republicans
win due to the
Democratic
Party splitting
in three
Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860
Crittenden Compromise:
A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity
Senator John J.
Crittenden
(Know-Nothing-KY)
Advocated reinstating the
Missouri Compromise
line of 36° 30’ N for
determining slavery in the
territories.
Failed.
The Civil War
1861-1865
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
Fort Sumter
• South Carolina seceded from the Union, federal
troops continued to occupy Fort Sumter.
• Confederate forces fired on a supply ship going to
Fort Sumter.
• Lincoln needed to resupply the Fort or lose it to the
CSA.
• Inaugural Address: “the government will not assail
you. You can have no conflict without being
yourselves the aggressors.”
• Fort Sumter stood as a vital symbol of the Union he
had sworn to preserve.
• April 6th 1861 Lincoln told the governor of S.C. that
he was sending food, but no soldiers or arms to Fort
Sumter.
• April 10th C.S.A. President Jefferson Davis ordered
P.G.T. Beauregard to demand that Fort Sumter
Surrender.
• April 12th Major Robert Anderson refused to
surrender. Beauregard opened fire on the fort. After
34 hours of bombardment. Anderson surrendered
Fort Sumter to the Confederate Troops.
• The upper South Secedes. Virginia, N.C. Tennessee,
and Arkansas.
"If I could save the Union without freeing any
slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by
freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I
could do it by freeing some and leaving others
alone, I would also do that."
-Pres. Abraham Lincoln
August 1862
The Civil War was a battle over federalism!
Who has the ultimate power—federal government or the states?
Confederate States of America (CSA)
Capital:
Montgomery, AL
then
Richmond, VA
President
Jefferson Davis
Vice President
Alexander Stephens
“Dixie”
O, I wish I was in the land of cotton
Old times there are not forgotten
Look away! Look away!
Look away! Dixie Land.
In Dixie Land where I was born in
Early on one frosty mornin'
Look away! Look away!
Look away! Dixie Land.
Chorus:
O, I wish I was in Dixie!
Hooray! Hooray!
In Dixie Land I'll take my stand
To live and die in Dixie
Away, away,
Away down south in Dixie!
Comparing North and South in 1861
North
South
Population
71%
29%
Bank Deposits
81%
19%
Factories
86%
14%
Food Crops
72%
28%
Horses
72%
28%
Railroad Tracks
72%
28%
Northern Advantages
• Population
22 m.+ vs. 9 m.
• More industry
• More railroads
• Established govt.
• Navy
Southern Advantages
• Southern Advantages
7 of 8 military colleges were in the South
Most trained officers were Southerners
Eager to fight to protect their homeland
Easier to be on the defensive
Union Strategy
The Anaconda Plan
• Blockade Southern
ports.
• Control the Miss.
River and split the
South.
• Capture Richmond.
• Defeat the
Confederate Army
• Cutting of trade
with Europe.
Early Military Strategy
• South
War of attrition
Voluntarily stopped
exporting cotton trying to
get foreign nations to
recognize their
independence, thus
reopening trade.
“Battle Hymn of the Republic”
Julia Ward Howe poem first appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in February 1862.
She wrote it after visiting a Union army camp. It became the Union’s most famous song.
Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of
the Lord;
He is trampling out the vintage where the
grapes of wrath are stored;
He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His
terrible swift sword;
His truth is marching on.
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! His truth is marching
on.
I have seen Him in the watch fires of a hundred
circling camps
They have builded Him an altar in the evening
dews and damps;
I can read His righteous sentence by the dim
and flaring lamps;
His day is marching on.
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! His day is marching on.
I have read a fiery Gospel writ in burnished rows
of steel;
“As ye deal with My contemners, so with you My
grace shall deal”;
Let the Hero, born of woman, crush the serpent
with His heel,
Since God is marching on.
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Since God is marching
on.
He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call
retreat;
He is sifting out the hearts of men before His judgment seat;
Oh, be swift, my soul, to answer Him! be jubilant, my feet;
Our God is marching on.
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Our God is marching on.
In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea,
With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me:
As He died to make men holy, let us live to make men free;
[originally …let us die to make men free]
While God is marching on.
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! While God is marching on.
He is coming like the glory of the morning on the wave,
He is wisdom to the mighty, He is honor to the brave;
So the world shall be His footstool, and the soul of wrong His
slave,
Our God is marching on.
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Glory! Glory! Hallelujah!
Glory! Glory! Hallelujah! Our God is marching on.
Battle of Bull Run
“On To Richmond”
•Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
General Irvin McDowell Commander of the Union Troops
his unprepared troops marched slowly and were
observed by P.G.T. Beauregard.
McDowell was winning until General Jackson (CSA)
Soldiers would not give stopping them from reaching
Richmond, VAConfederate Capital
Battle of Bull Run
(1st Manassas)
July, 1861
Tactics and Technology
• For generations Generals would
concentrate forces, assaulting a
position and driving the enemy always
• Cannons an muskets were not accurate
or capable of repeating fire rapidly.
• Relied on masses of charging troops to
overwhelm the enemy.
• Innovations with bullets made them
more accurate.
• Added rifling, spiral grooves cut on the
inside of the gun barrel make the rifle
accurate from 500 yards
• Artillery:
Shells devices that explode
in the air or when they hit something.
• Canisters: Shell filled with bullets
• Cannons became Giant Shotguns
Ironclads
1862
Battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac.
•IroncladWooden
ships with
Iron plate
armor
The Battle of the Ironclads,
March, 1862
The Monitor vs.
the Merrimac
• Union received early reports of the
Merrimack. Lincoln ordered construction of
a similar Union warship.
• At the battle neither ship did much damage
• The Confederates destroyed the Merrimack
in 1862 so it didn’t get into Union hands
• The Monitor sunk in a storm.
• This change naval battles and made wooden
ships obsolete
Battle of Antietam
• September 17, 1862
• 26,000 casualties in one day
• Union victorious after discovering
Lee’s battle plan, but failed to
pursue them back to Virginia
• Significances
 bloodiest day of the Civil War
 Southern defeat ends discussion
among the French to recognize
the CSA
 Northern victory causes Lincoln
to issue the Emancipation
Proclamation
Famous Civil War Figures
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
Wins earliest Union
victories in the West
(Forts Henry and
Donelson)
Success at Vicksburg
causes Lincoln to
appoint him General of
the Potomac
Constantly advanced
his army
Defeated Lee
Gen. Robert E. Lee
Considered the best
officer in the US prior
to the war
1862 becomes the
General of the Army
of Northern Virginia
Gen. Thomas
“Stonewall” Jackson
Cavalry general
Hero of the First
Battle of Bull Run and
1862 Valley Campaign.
Greatest general of
the war
Shot by his own
troops at the Battle of
Chancellorsville.
Won numerous
battles in spite of
inferior troop numbers
Died days later of
complications from
pneumonia.
Gen. Nathan
Bedford Forrest
Enlisted as a private
Best cavalryman of
the war
Hero of the Battle of
Chickamauga
Led the Massacre of
Fort Pillow
1st Grand Wizard of
the KKK
Politics in the South
• CSA constitution reiterated the legality of
slavery and states’ rights
• Violations of states’ rights
 April 1862 – passed the first conscription (draft)
act in US history Originally 18-35 increased to 50
 Planned economy
 Farmers were required to contribute 1/10th of
products
 Imposed personal income tax
• Sought recognition from Europe
Politics in the North
• Tension with Britain
 Britain acted as privateers for the South
 Trent incident: Britain sends 8,000 troops to Canada.
• Republicans in Power
Copperhead
Clement
Vallandigham
 Most Democrats left Congress, thus the Republican
majority passed a slew of legislation
 1861 – passed the first personal income tax law (3-5%) in US history
 Pacific Railway Act (1862) – build a railroad from Nebraska to the Pacific
Ocean
 Legal Tender Act (1862) – created a national currency nicknamed
greenbacks
 Internal Revenue Act (1862) – imposed taxes on liquor, tobacco, medicine
and newspaper ads
 Homestead Act (1863) – offered free gov land to people willing to settle on it
 Raised tariffs
• Opposition
 Copperheads – Democrats that stayed loyal to the Union but opposed war
 Lincoln declares martial law in Kentucky and suspends the writ of habeas
corpus elsewhere
Emancipation Proclamation
• Effective Jan. 1, 1863 –
only freed slaves in
states in rebellion
• Further made European
recognition of the CSA
unlikely due to strong
antislavery sentiment
• The war now included
slavery, not just
federalism
 Created a higher moral
cause to fight
Emancipation in 1863
New York City Draft Riots
• March 3, 1863 – Union
passes the conscription
act requiring military
service for all person 1845.
• People could avoid the
draft by sending a
replacement or pay $300
• July 13-16, 1863
 100+ dead including 11
blacks
 Union sent in troops to
quell the rioters
African-Americans in the War
• Union recognized slaves as contraband and thus
could take control of them. Then they’d free them.
• 10% of Union troops were African-Americans
• Segregated from white soldiers, but each black
regiment had white officers
• 54th Massachusetts Infantry
Southern Economy and Medical Care
• South Economy
Clara Barton
 Food shortages
 Farmers kept growing cotton instead of food
 Labor shortages
 Women filled many roles
 Inflation
 The collective hardships led some Confederates to desert
• Medical Care
 More soldiers died of disease than any other cause during the
war
 Due to poor sterilization practices, insufficient medical
facilities, poor nutrition, contaminated food, and harsh
weather conditions.
 Many nurses tended to ailing soldiers including Clara Barton
who later founded the American Red Cross and poet Walt
Whitman
Confederate Prison Camp
at Point Lookout, MD
 Planned to hold 10,000 men.
 Had almost 50,000 at one time.
Point Lookout Memorial
of 4,000 Dead Rebel Prisoners
Union Prison Camp
at Andersonville, GA
Original Andersonville Plan
 Planned to hold 10,000 men.
 Had over 32,000 at one time.
Distributing “Rations”
Union “Survivors”
Key Victories for the South
• Battle of Fredericksburg
• Dec 13th 1862
• Union General Burnside
had 122,000 troops
defeated by 79,000
Confederate troops
• 13,000 Union casualties
• 5,000 Confederate
• Battle Chancellorsville
• May 1st 1863
• Union General Hooker
assumed Lee retreated
• Lee sent General Jackson to
flake the Union troops
• Confederate troops returning
after a night mission
mistook Jackson for a Union
soldier and fired. Hitting
him 3 times, which led to his
death.
Battle of Gettysburg
• July 1-3, 1863
Day 1
• Greatest battle in North American
history
• Confederate goal was to win a
victory on Union soil thus
demoralizing them
Day 2
• Significances
 bloodiest battle of the Civil War
 23,000 Union casualties (27%)
 28,000 Confederate casualties
(37%)
 Lee retreated back to Virginia
and the Union received a much
needed victory
Day 3
“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,
conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of
that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for
those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—
this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it,
far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long
remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us
the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought
here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the
great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased
devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we
here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation,
under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people,
by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
-Pres. Abraham Lincoln
November 19, 1863
“Gettysburg Address”
The Gettysburg Address
• President Lincoln was invited to deliver
“a few appropriate remarks”
• Two minute speech list reasons to fight
the war.
• To preserve a young country
unmatched by any other country in
history in its commitment to the
principles of freedom, equality, and
self-government
1864
• Ulysses S. Grant is given command of the Union
forces
 Appoints friend William Tecumseh Sherman as commander of
Union troops in the West
 Plan is to use the North’s superior population and industry to
wear down the CSA
• Eastern theater
 Grant vs. Lee
 Battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor all see
Grant constantly advance his troops towards Richmond
despite large number of casualties
 Decides to lay siege to Petersburg, an important railroad hub,
thus attempting to cut off supplies to Richmond
 Lee’s troops dig trenches and wait for the November election
hoping Lincoln will be voted out of office
Sherman’s March to the Sea
1864
• Southern and Western theater
 Sherman begins in Chattanooga,
TN, marches toward Atlanta
William
 September 1864 – Sherman captures Atlanta
Tecumseh
Sherman
and burned the city to the ground
Victory guarantees Lincoln’s reelection in November
 Began Sherman’s March to the Sea destroying
railroads, crops, livestock, factories, and bridges in their
path.
 Justifies his actions by stating “war is cruelty”
 Reached Savannah, GA (i.e. the sea) on Dec. 21 and
captured it without a fight.
 Moves north ravaging the Carolinas destroying
Confederate morale attempting to merge his army with
Grant’s in Virginia.
Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse
April 9, 1865
“There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant,
and I would rather die a thousand deaths”, Robert E. Lee
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
“The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down”
Virgil Caine is the name, and I served on the Danville train,
'Til Stoneman's cavalry came and tore up the tracks again.
In the winter of '65, We were hungry, just barely alive.
By May the tenth, Richmond had fell, it's a time I remember, oh so well,
Chorus:
The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down, and the bells were ringing,
The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down, and the people were singin',
They went La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La, La
Back with my wife in Tennessee, When one day she called to me,
"Virgil, quick, come see, there goes Robert E. Lee!"
Now I don't mind choppin' wood,
and I don't care if the money's no good.
Ya take what ya need and ya leave the rest,
But they should never have taken the very best.
Chorus
Like my father before me, I will work the land,
Like my brother above me, who took a rebel stand.
He was just eighteen, proud and brave,
But a Yankee laid him in his grave,
I swear by the mud below my feet,
You can't raise a Caine back up when he's in defeat
Lincoln Assassination
April 14, 1865
 Booth was an actor who conspired to
kill not only Lincoln, but also his
cabinet.
 Killed Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre
Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
“Sic semper
tyrannis” Thus
always to
tyrants”
Conspirators
• Co-conspirator Lewis
Powell(or Paine/Payne)
attempted to assassinate
Secretary of State William
Seward, only injured him.
• George Atzerodt supposed
to have killed Vice-President
Andrew Johnson did not go
through with the
assassination.
• Lewis Powell (Paine),
David Herold, George
Atzerodt and Mary
Surratt were charged
with conspiring with
Booth along with
various other crimes
and hanged on July 7,
1865.
Reconstruction and the New South
• The South’s economy is
shattered
• Many cities in ruin
• Tens of thousands Confederate
veterans unemployed and had to
compete for jobs with freed blacks
• 4 million freed slaves homeless and penniless
War Aftermath
• War destroyed 2/3 of the South’s shipping
industry and 9,000 or railroads
• Farmland, farm buildings, farm machinery
• 1/3 of the livestock, bridges, canals, and
levees, thousands of miles of roads
destroyed
• Factories, ports, and cites lay smoldering
Southerners Hardships
• Black Southerners
• 4 million freed people staring their new
lives in a poor region with slow economic
activity
• Lifetime of forced labor, many found
themselves homeless, jobless, and hungry
• Some continued to work on their former
owner’s plantations
• Plantation owners
• Lost slave labor worth about $3 billion
• Captured and Abandoned Property Act of
1863 allowed federal government to seize
$100 million in southern planation and
cotton
• Confederate currency was worthless
• Some couldn’t afford to hire workers other
sold their land
• Poor white Southerners
• Many white laborers could not find work
because of the new job competition from
freedmen.
• Poor white families began migrating to
frontier lands such as MI and TX
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen,
and Abandoned Lands.
 Provided relief and aid to freed
blacks including education.
 First federal relief agency in US
history
 Called “carpetbaggers” by white
southern Democrats.
Northerners that moved to the
South
 White southern Republicans were
considered traitors called
“scalawags”
Civil War Amendments
• 13th Amendment
 Ratified in December 1865
 Outlaws slavery in the U.S.
• 14th Amendment
 Ratified in 1868
 No state can pass laws
that deny any citizen due
process of law
• 15th Amendment
 Ratified in March 1870
 Guarantees blacks the
right to vote
Black Life in the South
• Once states rejoined the Union, they quickly passed black
codes which sought to restrict freedman’s rights
 Curfews
 Vagrancy laws
 Labor Contracts
 Land restrictions
• Congress responds with the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the
Reconstruction Act of 1867
 Divided the South into 5 military districts
 Ordered states to hold new elections for delegates to create
new state constitutions
 Barred those who supported the Confederacy from voting
 Required southern states to guarantee equal rights
 Required states to ratify the 14th Amendment.
Freedom
• Freedom Movement: Many freed people
took to the roads looking for family
members
• Freedom to Own Land:
• W. Sherman set up a land-distribution
experiment in South Carolina
• Game people 40-acres plots and a mule.
• President Johnson Returned much of the land
• 1871 Amos Morel, stayed and worked on the
plantation in Georgia. Eventually buying 400
acres and sold pieces to other Freedman
• Freedom to Worship:
• New Black Organizations arose throughout the South
mostly in Churches
• Started thousands of voluntary groups including: Mutual
aid societies, debating clubs, drama societies and trade
associations.
Freedom to Learn
1860 nearly 90% or black adults were illiterate
White teachers, young women, went south start schools
1865-1870 Black educators founded 30 African American
Colleges
Slavery is Dead?
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
• 624,000 Americans died during the Civil War
 More than twice than any other war
 364,000 Union soldiers
 38,000 of which were African-Americans
 260,000 Confederate soldiers
• Radical Republicans
 Group of Congressmen that proposed the Wade-Davis Act
which would force Confederates to take an oath of past and
future loyalty
Charles
Sumner
Benjamin
Wade
Thaddeus
Stevens
President Andrew Johnson
• Pro-Union southerner who
Lincoln picked as his VP in
1864 to “balance the ticket”
• White supremacist
• Vetoes numerous
Reconstruction bills such as
the Freedman’s Bureau and
1866 Civil Rights Act
 Congress overrides his vetoes
 Most overridden president in
history
Lincoln v. Johnson Reconstruction Plans
Lincoln:
1. Pardon, to Confederate who would
take an oath of allegiance to the
Union and accept federal policy on
slavery
2. Denied pardons to all confederate
military and government officials
and to southerners who had killed
African American war prisoners
3. Permitted each state to hold a
convention to create a new state
constitution only after 10 percent of
voters in the state had sworn
allegiance to the Union
4. States could then hold elections
and resume full participation in the
Union
Johnson:
1. It pardoned southerners
who swore allegiance to
the Union
2. It permitted each state to
hold a constitutional
convention
3. States were required to
void secession, abolish
slavery, and repudiate the
Confederate debt
4. States could then hold
elections and rejoin the
Union
Reconstruction Act 1867
1. It put the South under military rule, dividing
it into five districts, each governed by a
northern general
2. It ordered southern states to hold new
elections for delegates to create new state
constitutions
3. It required states to allow all qualified male
voters, including African Americans, to vote in
the elections.
4. It temporarily barred those who had
supported the Confederacy from
voting
5. It required southern states to
guarantee equal rights to all citizens
6. It required the states to ratify the
14th Amendment
The Showdown
 Tenure of Office Act (1867)
*
The President could not remove
any officials [esp. Cabinet members]
without the Senate’s consent, if the
position originally required Senate
approval.
 Designed to protect radical
members of Lincoln’s government.
 A question of the
constitutionality of this law.
Edwin Stanton
President Johnson’s Impeachment
 Johnson removed Stanton in February 1868.
 The House impeached him on February 24
before even drawing up the charges by a vote of
126 – 47!
The Senate Trial
 11 week trial.
 Johnson acquitted
35 to 19 (one short of
required 2/3s vote).
Ulysses S. Grant Elected
• Johnson served out the remainder of his
term.
• Did not seek reelection and moved back to
Tennessee regained his Senate Seat as a
Democrat
• 1868 Election Republicans chose Grant
who won the Presidency in a close eletion.
Wanted Workers
• Railroad workers in Virginia in the late 1860’s
earned $1.75 to $2.00 a day
• Plantation wages came to .50 cents a day at
best
• Women in the fields maid .06 cents per day
• This created a new pattern of farming in the
South
“New South”
• Sharecropping
• System that trapped poor people (white and black) in a
cycle of debt
 Sharecropping families would farm a portion of the
Owners land. They would get housing and a 1/3 to ½
of the yield
 Led to the rise of merchants in the South
• Tenant Farming
• Sharecroppers saved enough money, paid to rent the land.
• Chose which crop to plant and when and how much to work.
• Tenant farmers had a higher social status then sharecroppers
• Changes in labor force
• By 1875 white laborers, mostly tenant farmers
picked 40% of the crops
• Emphasis on Cash Crops
• Cotton, tobacco, sugar cane, rather than food crop\]
Cycle of debt: rural poverty was deeply rooted in the
South.
The years profit went to pay last year’s bills
Homestead Act of 1866:
low-cost land to
southerners who would farm it.
• By 1874 black farmers in Georgia owned
350,000 acres
• In cotton states, only about one black family
in 20 owned land after a decade of
Reconstruction
• Rise of merchants: tenant farming created
a new class of wealthy southerners:
merchants
• Stores sprang up to sell supplies on credit.
By 1880 South had over 8000 rural stores.
• Rebuilding Infrastructure
 Began building factories, railroads, cities, roads,
bridges, and public schools
• By 1872, southern railroads were totally
rebuilt to about 3,300 miles of new track
• A 40% increase or tracks
• Southerners started moving to the cities:
Richmond, Nashville, Memphis, Louisville,
Little Rock, Montgomery, Charlotte
• Western towns developed: Dallas,
Houston, Fort Worth.
• Most industry developed around Cotton
Mills.
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant
 Loan tools and seed
up to 60% interest
to tenant farmer to
plant spring crop.
 Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from
merchant until the
harvest.
 Merchant holds
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
repayment of debt.
Tenant Farmer
 Plants crop,
harvests in
autumn.
 Turns over up to ½
of crop to land
owner as payment
of rent.
 Tenant gives
remainder of crop
to merchant in
payment of debt.
Landowner
 Rents land to tenant
in exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.
“Buffalo Soldiers”
term used for all African-American army regiments
Buffalo Soldier, Dreadlock Rasta:
There was a Buffalo Soldier in the heart of
America,
Stolen from Africa, brought to America,
Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival.
Buffalo Soldier troddin' through the land, woho-ooh!
Said he wanna ran, then you wanna hand,
Troddin' through the land, yea-hea, yea-ea.
I mean it, when I analyze the stench To me it makes a lot of sense:
How the Dreadlock Rasta was the Buffalo
Soldier,
And he was taken from Africa, brought to
America,
Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival.
Said he was a Buffalo Soldier win the war for
America;
Buffalo Soldier, Dreadlock Rasta,
Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival;
Driven from the mainland to the heart of the
Caribbean.
Said he was a Buffalo Soldier, Dreadlock Rasta
Buffalo Soldier in the heart of America.
Singing, woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,
Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!
Woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,
Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!
If you know your history,
Then you would know where you coming from,
Then you wouldn't have to ask me,
Who the 'eck do I think I am.
I'm just a Buffalo Soldier in the heart of America,
Stolen from Africa, brought to America,
Said he was fighting on arrival, fighting for
survival;
Said he was a Buffalo Soldier win the war for
America.
Dreadie, woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,
Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!
Woy yoy yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,
Woy yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!
Troddin' through San Juan in the arms of
America;
Troddin' through Jamaica, a Buffalo Soldier
Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival:
Buffalo Soldier, Dreadlock Rasta.
Woy
Woy
Woy
Woy
yoy
yoy
yoy
yoy
yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,
yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!
yoy, woy yoy-yoy yoy,
yoy yoy, yoy yoy-yoy yoy!
Black & White Political Participation
Black Senate & House Delegates
• 1870 with federal troops stationed across
the South. Southern black men proudly
voted in legislative elections for the first
time.
• More then 600 African Americans were
elected to state legislatures.
• First African Americans to the House of
Representatives.
• Hiram Revels Mississippi first African
American elected to the Senate
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
 Ku Klux Klan founded
in 1866.
 Suggested the name
Kuklos “circle” in Greek
 Sought to eliminate the
Republican Party in the
south and keep blacks
submissive through
terrorist activities.
• Klansmen pledged to “defend the social
and political superiority” against what they
called, “aggressions of an inferior race”
• Mostly ex-confederate officials and
planation owners who had been excluding
from politics.
• 1867 Klan chose its first overall leader or
“grand wizard” Nathan Bedford Forrest
Klan violence intensified
• Arkansas Klansmen killed more than 300
Republicans, including a U.S.
congressman.
• 1868 Klansmen murdered 1000 people in
Louisiana, fully half of the adult white male
population of New Orleans belonged to the
KKK
• Sought to eliminate the
Republican party in the
South by intimidating
voters, bother white and
black. Klan’s long-term
goal was to keep African
Americans in the role of
submissive laborers.
• Horsemen in long robes and
hoods appeared suddenly at
night, carrying guns and whips.
Planted huge burning cresses
in their yards.
• People were dragged from their homes
and harassed, tortured, kidnapped,
murdered.
• Carpetbaggers, scalawags, freedmen who
had become prosperous or even learned
to read.
• Congress responds by passing the
Enforcement Act of 1870 which
banned the use of terror, force and
bribery to prevent people from
voting.
• Used troops, cavalry, and power of
the courts, the government
arrested and tried thousands of
Klansmen. Within a year the KKK
was virtually wiped out.
• As federal troops gradually
withdrew from the South, Black
suffrage all but ended
Equal Rights Party – 1872 ticket
Presidential Nominee
Victoria Woodhull
Vice Presidential Nominee
Frederick Douglass
Reconstruction Ends
• Dying Issue: By the mid 1870s, white
voters had grown weary of Republicans
and their decade-long concern with
Reconstruction
• Corruption: Reconstruction legislatures,
as well as Grant’s administration, came to
symbolize corruption, greed, and poor
government
• The Economy:
Reconstruction
legislatures taxed and spent heavily,
putting southern states deeper into debt.
In addition, a nationwide economic
downturn in 1873 diverted public attention
from the movement for equal rights
• Violence:
as federal troops withdrew
from the South, some white Democrats
were freer to use violence and intimidation
to prevent freedmen from voting
• Democrats return to power. 1872 all but
about 5000 ex-Confederates had been
pardoned. Combined with other with
southerners formed a new bloc of
Democratic voters known as the Solid
South
1876 Presidential Tickets
1876 Presidential Election
End of Reconstruction
• Compromise of 1877
 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes becomes president in
return for the removal of federal troops in southern
states
Reconstruction
• Successes
• Union Restored
• South’s economy grows
and new with created in
the North
• 14th and 15th
Amendments
• Freedmen’s Bureau and
other organizations
helped many blacks
families
• Southern states adopt a
system of mandatory
education
• Failures
• White Southerners remain
bitter towards the Federal
Govt. and Republicans
• South is slow to industrialize
• After federal troops
withdrawn. Southern state
governments and terrorist
organizations effectively
deny African Americans the
right to vote
• Many black and white
southerners remain caught
in a cycle of poverty
• Racist attitudes towards
African Americans continue,
in both the South and North