Transcript Slide 1
Introduction to the Human Body Introduction • Anatomy and Physiology show the relationship between structure and function Introduction • Key to learning anatomy is understanding function Introduction • For example: • Left side of heart is larger than right. • Why is that? Gross Anatomy • Structures large enough that one can see with the unaided eye Gross Anatomy 1. 2. 3. 4. Surface Anatomy Regional Anatomy Systemic Anatomy Developmental Anatomy Surface Anatomy • Study of superficial markings For example: Elbow- olecrenon process Regional Anatomy • The study of specific areas of the body Systemic Anatomy • Study of specific organ systems • 11 systems Developmental Anatomy • The study of how anatomical structures change throughout the course of development 11 Systems 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Integumentary* Nervous* Skeletal* Endocrine Muscular* Cardiovascular Lymphatic Urinary Respiratory Reproductive Digestive Microscopic Anatomy • Involves studying anatomical structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye Microscopic Anatomy 1. Cytology 2. Histology Cytology • Study of cells Histology • Study of tissue Physiology-Function 1. 2. 3. 4. Cell Physiology Special Physiology Systemic Physiology Pathological Physiology Cell Physiology • Study of cells Special Physiology • Study of specific organs Systemic Physiology • Study of specific systems Pathological Physiology • Study of how disease effects organs or organ systems Anatomical Organization • We will start from the smallest and finish with the largest 1. Chemical or Molecular Level • Atoms form molecules 2. Cellular Level • Smallest living units in organisms • In fact some organisms are made up of a single cell • Cells contain organelles • Each organelle has a function 3. Tissue level • Different groups of cells that perform a function 4. Organ Level • Different types of tissues that perform a function 5. Organ System Level • Consists of different organs working together Organism Level • All systems working together (humans) Homeostasis • Stability Homeostasis • Our body has developed ways that make sure that our body adjusts to changing conditions Homeostasis • Our body does this via two methods 1. Autoregulation • This occurs when our body adjusts itself to a changing environmental condition 1. Autoregulation • Example: High altitudes have less O2 • Blood produces more hemoglobin 2. Extrinsic Regulation • This is when the nervous and endocrine system acts on other systems Negative Feedback • The effector decreases the change the receptor noted Positive Feedback • The effector increases the change the receptor noted Anatomical Position • Supine • Prone Abdominopelvic quadrants • 4 • Intersect at the navel Abdominopelvic quadrants 1. 2. 3. 4. RUQ Right upper quadrant LUQ Left upper quadrant RLQ Right lower quadrant LLQ Left lower quadrant Abdominopelvic Region • More specific • 9 Abdominopelvic Region 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Right hypochondriac Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Left lumbar Right inguinal Left inguinal Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric (pubic) Terms • Anterior or Ventral Terms • Posterior or dorsal Terms • Cranial - head Terms • Caudal - tail Terms • Superior – higher level Terms • Inferior – lower level Terms • Proximal – away from fingers and toes Terms • Distal – toward fingers and toes Terms • Medial Terms • Lateral Planes • Sometimes to gain a greater understanding of 3D images anatomists cut the image at different planes Frontal Plane • Anterior/Posterior Sagittal Plane • Left/Right Tranverse Plane • Superior/Inferior Cavities • Organs are contained in cavities Dorsal Body Cavity 1. Cranial Cavity 2. Spinal Cavity Ventral Body Cavity A. • • B. 1. 2. Thoracic Cavity Pleura Cavity Pericardial Cavity Abdominopelvic (peritoneal) Cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Ventral Body Cavity • Diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Membranes • • • • • • Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Visceral pleural Parietal pleural Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum