Transcript to accompany Holes` Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology

PowerPoint Presentation
to accompany
Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology, 9/e
by
Shier, Butler, and Lewis
UNIT ONE
Chapter One
Introduction to Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Understanding the Human Body
Our earliest ancestors were interested in
the way their
bodies worked.
• Through time and changes in human activity,
ideas about health and the body evolved.
•People began asking questions that set the
stage for modern medical science.
Modern Medical Knowledge
• Techniques for making accurate observations
and performing experiments improved and
knowledge expanded.
• This new knowledge required a specialized
language. These terms,derived primarily from
Greek and Latin, formed the basis for the language
of anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy involves the study of the structures
of the body parts (morphology).
• Physiology considers the function of these
body parts, what they do and how they do it.
• Both anatomy and physiology rely on each
other. Form follows function and function
leads to form.
The Human Organism
It is difficult to separate
anatomy and physiology
because structure makes
possible function.
• Anatomy and physiology are ongoing as
well as ancient fields.
• Research at the molecular level and new
findings help in understanding the human
organism.
Characteristics of Animal Life
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Movement
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Respiration
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Digestion
Absorption
Circulation
Assimilation
Excretion
Requirements of Life
• Water - required for metabolism, transport,
regulation
• Food - substances that provide nutrients
• Oxygen - used in the release of energy
• Heat - a form of energy which helps control
metabolic reactions
• Pressure - application of force on an object
Homeostasis
• The internal environment of the body protects cells.
•The body’s maintenance of a stable internal
environment is called homeostasis.
•Homeostasis is often maintained by a mechanism
called negative feedback.
Examples of Homeostasis
• Regulation of glucose in the blood
• Regulation of blood pressure
• Regulation of body temperature
Negative feedback
• Homeostasis is the consequence of a self-regulating
control system that operates by a mechanism called
negative feedback.
•Such a system receives signals about changes in the
internal environment and then causes responses that
reverse these changes back to the set point.
Figure 1.5
Homeostasis in Medicine
• Homeostasis mechanisms maintain a relatively
constant internal environment, but physiological
values vary in an individual.
•Normal values for an individual and the idea of a
normal range for the population are clinically
important.
Levels of Organization
• Atoms- tiny particles
that make up matter
• Molecules- atoms bound
together
• Macromolecules- large
molecules, polymers
• Organelles- activity
specific structures
Levels of Organization cont.
• Cells- basic unit of structure and function
• Tissues- groups of cells
• Organs- structures with specialized
function
• Organ systems- groups of organs that
perform a function
• Organism- the sum of the organ systems
Body Cavities
• Dorsal Cavity
– cranial cavity
– vertebral cavity
• Ventral Cavity
– thoracic cavity
• mediastinum
– abdominopelvic
cavity
• abdominal
cavity
• pelvic cavity
Figure 1.7a
Figure 1.7b
Serous Membranes
• Parietal layer lines the wall.
• Visceral layer lines the organs.
• Thoracic membranes line the chest.
Serous Membranes
• Pleural membranes surround the lungs.
• Pericardial membranes surround the heart.
• Peritoneal membranes line the abdominopelvic
cavity.
Organ Systems
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Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
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Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive
Integumentary System
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Skin, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
Protects underlying tissues
Site of sensory receptors
Regulates body temperature
Synthesis of biochemicals
Needed by the body
Skeletal System
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•
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Bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints
Body framework
Protection of vital organs
Attachment for muscles
Blood cell production
Storage of inorganic salts
Muscular System
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Muscles
Body movement
Body posture
Generation of body heat
Nervous System
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
• Detect changes in the internal and external
environment
• Receive and interpret sensory information
• Stimulate muscles and glands
Endocrine System
• Glands that secrete hormones,
chemical messengers that travel in
the blood or other body fluids
• Hormones alter
metabolism in target cells
Transport Systems
• Cardiovascular system
– heart, arteries, capillaries,
veins, blood
– transport of gases,
nutrients, hormones,
wastes
• Lymphatic system
– lymphatic vessels,
fluid, nodes, thymus,
spleen, lymphocytes
Digestive System
• Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,
small and large intestine
• Ingestion of food
• Breakdown of food molecules
• Absorption of nutrients
Respiratory System
• Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
lungs
• Movement and exchange of respiratory gases,
oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood
Urinary System
• Kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder,
urethra
• Remove wastes
from blood
• Maintain body
water and
electrolyte balance
• Transport urine
Reproductive System
• Male: scrotum, testes,
epididymides, vasa
deferentia, seminal
vesicles, prostate gland,
bulbourethral glands,
urethra, penis
• Female: ovaries, uterine
tubes, uterus, vagina,
clitoris, vulva
Reproductive System
• Produces gametes,
support development
of embryo
Lifespan Changes
• Aging is the passage of time and accompanying
bodily changes, from the whole-body level to the
microscopic level.
Lifespan Changes
• Changes at the tissue, cell, and molecular levels
explain the familiar signs of aging.
• A clearer understanding
of the precise steps will emerge
as we understand the
role of genes in
this process.
Anatomical Terminology
• Superior/Inferior: above or below a body
• Anterior/Posterior: in front of or behind
• Medial/Lateral: towards the middle or side
Anatomical Terminology cont.
• Proximal: close to a body part
• Distal: far from a body part
• Superficial/Deep: on the surface or lying
beneath
Planes through the Body
• Sagittal: lengthwise cut dividing body into right
and left portions.
Planes through the Body
• Transverse (horizontal): cut that divides the body
into superior and inferior portions.
Planes through the Body
Coronal (frontal): section that divides the body into
anterior and posterior sections.
Fig 1.18
Body Regions
• Right hypochondriac
region
• Right lumbar region
• Right iliac region
• Epigastric region
• Umbilical region
• Hypogastric region
• Left hypochondriac
region
• Left lumbar region
• Left iliac region
Fig 1.21
Body Regions cont.
• Right upper quadrant
• Right lower quadrant
• Left upper quadrant
• Left lower quadrant
Fig 1.22