Transcript PowerPoint to accompany Hole`s Human Anatomy and Physiology

PowerPoint Lecture Outlines
to accompany
Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Tenth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 1
Notes Section 1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-1
Biology II Introduction
Scientific Method
Steps of the Scientific Method
*
*
*Experimental Design/Data Collection
___________________the Hypothesis
This can also be ___________or_____________
*Analysis (Explaining the Data)
Scientific Method Terms
Control
The factor in an experiment that _______________________throughout the course of
the experiment. All good experiments have at _____________________control
Variable
The factor in the experiment ____________________. The ________ the variables in
an experiment, the __________ the design.
Theory
A hypothesis that is tested repeatedly and is ___________________
Anatomy
• “tome” means ______________in Greek
• Describes the ____________________:
– what they are ___________________
– where they are ______________
– ________________________
Physiology
• Is the study of:
– _______________ of anatomical structures
– _____________and _________________
functions
– _________ things do what they do
Relating Anatomy &
Physiology
• All _____________________are performed
by specific ______________________
• The principle of complementarity says that
structure and function are complementary
– ______________________________________
– What a structure can do depends on its
______________________________
Teeth
Linking Structure and Function
• The key to learning anatomy is
understanding _____________________
– For example: Incisors are a ___________
__________than molars. They have a different
number of points on them.
– Why is that? Because they perform different
______________________________________
Take home:
Gross Anatomy
• Gross means that the structures are large enough
that one can see ___________________________
• Types:
– ____________ Anatomy - study of superficial
markings
– _____________Anatomy - The study of specific areas
of the body (e.g. head, trunk)
– ______________Anatomy - Study of the organ
systems
Physiology = Function
•
Considers the _____________________
_______________________
–
–
–
•
Renal – kidney function
Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous
system
Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood
vessels
Focuses on the functions of the body, often
at the _______________________________
How can we organize this
information?
• By dealing with it the way that living things
are organized, from the _______________to the
________parts.
Because form = function
• Smallest parts mean a lot on how _______________
_____________________________
• So, we need to know a lot about the smallest parts of
the body
Levels of Organization
1-5
Levels of Organization
Level
Example
Atom (smallest)
Organism (largest)
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Characteristics of Life
What is it that all living things
have in common?
1-6
Characteristics of Life
•________________
•Made up of cells
•__________________
•The ability to get and use
______________ from the environment
•________________________
•Get larger and change
Characteristics of Life
•______________________
•_________________ to changes in the
environment
• Part of maintaining homeostasis
•______________________
•_____________, not necessarily having
the offspring.
•_________________________ also count
Metabolism
Anything that is associated with
obtaining and using energy for an
organism
•Including
•Ingestion- eating
•Respiration- breathing
•Digestion – breakdown of food substances
•Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances
into different substances
Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal
environment
What happens if homeostasis is disrupted?
LOSS OF ORGANIZATION!
(and we know what that means.)
But why is homeostasis so important?
• Chemical reactions of metabolism operate best
under a limited range of conditions.
Homeostasis
Why is homeostasis so important?
• Chemical reactions of metabolism operate best
under a limited range of conditions.
–
–
–
–
Temperature
pH
Salt concentrations
Others
Other functions of many
organisms (including humans)
__________________ – passage of substances
through membranes and into body fluids
_______________ – movement of substances in body
fluids
______________ – removal of wastes
1-7
Requirements of Organisms
What do all living things
require to carry out the
functions of life?
1-8
Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most ______________________in body
- required for _________________________
- required for ____________________________
- regulates body ______________________
Food
- supply _______________________
- supply_____________________ to build
1-8
Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen*
Heat
- _______________of air
- used to ____________________________________
(_________________________________)
- form of ________________
- partly controls ____________________________
Pressure
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
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Homeostatic Mechanisms
Homeostatic Mechanisms – ________________________
____________________________________________________
•___________________ - provide ________________
•_________________- tells what a particular value should be
•_________________ - causes responses to ___________
internal environment
1-10
Homeostasis
What factors are controlled homeostatically?
•!
Receptors
Interoceptors – located _________________
– Baroreceptors (pressures)
– Chemoreceptors (pH, oxygen levels)
– Thermoreceptors (temperature)
– Stretch Receptors (in muscle)
– Nociceptors (pain)
– There are others
– You do not need to know this list
Receptors
Exteroceptors - located _________________
» Mechanoreceptors (touch, hearing)
» Chemoreceptors (pH, taste, smell)
» Thermoreceptors (temperature)
» Nociceptors (pain)
» Photoreceptors (vision)
You do not need to know this list
Control Centers
– ___________________
– ____________________
– Located within some ___________
»Pancreas
»Thyroid gland
»Digestive tract
»Not limited to just these
Effectors
– Any structure that _______________
________________________________
is an effector
– Can be:
• ___________ - Skeletal Muscles
• ____________ – __________________: Smooth and cardiac
– _______________
Feedback System
The 2 types of responses are known as:
1._________________feedback
2.___________________feedback
Homeostasis Involves Feedback Loops
• _______________Feedback
• Most ______________feedback loop
• A change in conditions initiates an effector
response that ______________________________
that change; it ____________________________
• Examples:
» ____________________ regulation
» Regulation of ___________________Levels
» Regulation of _______
Homeostasis Involves Feedback Loops
• ____________________Feedback
• ________________common than negative
feedback
• A change initiates an effector response that
_________________________________ the
change.
• Some can create __________________conditions
if they continue unchecked
• Examples:
A good example of negative feedback is the _________
___________________________________
•The cruise control has a sensor that senses the
speed of the car as well as a control mechanism
that processes the information from the sensor. It
then adjusts the speed of the car by manipulating
the accelerator.
Okay but where is the negative part?
•If I go downhill the car naturally speeds up a bit. The sensor senses this and
the controller decreases the speed by easing up on the accelerator.
•Likewise is the car goes uphill and slows down a bit. The cruise
control works the accelerator to increase the speed.
•Can you see that the response (slowing down) is
opposite to the stimulus (speeding up)?
•A good example of positive feedback is the
feedback you hear from sound systems in
concerts.
•In this example the stimulus (sound going into
microphone) is processed to produce a magnified
response (sound coming out of the speakers).
•Sometimes the microphone picks up sound from
the speakers and continues to magnify it until it is
out of control (the feedback that hurts your ears).
Practice on Positive and
Negative Feedback
Are these examples showing positive or
negative feedback?
1. You are driving and your car veers to the
right, you then slightly pull the steering
wheel to the left.
2. You pull the starter cord on your
lawnmower to start it.
3. You are washing your hands and adjust the
temperature so it is just right.
01_07 Thermostat as example of homeostatic mechanism
Slide number: 1
Control center
Thermostat detects
deviation from set point
and signals effectors.
Receptors
Effectors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Heater turns off; air
conditioner turns on.
Stimulus
Response
Room temperature
rises above normal.
Room temperature
returns toward set point.
too high
Normal room
temperature
Thermostat
set point.
too low
Stimulus
Response
Room temperature
Decreases.
Room temperature
returns toward set point.
Receptors
Effectors
Thermostat in room
detects change.
Heater turns on; air
conditioner turns off.
Control center
Thermostat detects
deviation from set point
and signals effectors.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Homeostatic Mechanisms
1-11
You should be getting a handle on the
concept of feedback systems. Your quiz
will include questions about feedback
mechanisms, and you will be required to
explain WHY it is considered positive or
negative.
Next we’ll take a look at the levels of
organization of the human body…
PowerPoint Lecture Outlines
to accompany
Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Tenth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 1
Notes Section 2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-1
We will start with some regions of the body.
A region is a ___________ such as the
upper leg (_____________). Although a
region may sound like an actual body part,
it is not. It is an ___________.
The abdominal region is an important region
in clinical situations. There are 2 special
ways the abdominal region can be divided.
One way is to divide the region into
_____sections. Kind of like tic tac toe. It
takes ___ horizontal and ___ vertical planes
to do this.
Body Regions
Abdominal region (9 sections)
– These regions are separated by planes:
• 2 horizontal planes
– Transtubercular
– Transpyloric
• 2 vertical planes
– 2 parasagittal planes
Body Division
•There are two divisions of the body
•The __________ portion of the body
•Runs through a straight line down the body
through the _____________________________
•The _________________ portions
•Hang off of the axial portions
•Include the _____________________________
1-13
Body Cavities
The body has several cavities, divided into two sections
•Ventral cavities
•Thoracic cavity
• Pleural cavity: holds the ______________
• Pericardial cavity: holds the _________________
•Abdominopelvic, which includes the
• Abdominal cavity: holds __________________
• Pelvic cavity: holds _______________________ and
the ____________
•Sinuses: in the _________________________
•Nasal cavity: ___________
•Orbital cavities: the _________________________
•Oral cavity: ______________
1-13
•Middle ear cavity: _____________________
Body Cavities
•Dorsal cavities
•Cranial cavity: hold the _____________
•Vertebral canal: holds the _________________
1-13
Serous Membranes
•____________________________________
• slippery lining of a cavity
• Prevents friction between parts b/c coated with fluid
•______________ layer – covers an organ
•_________________ layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
•Visceral pleura
•Parietal pleura
•Visceral pericardium
•Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
•Visceral peritoneum
•Parietal peritoneum
1-13
Serous Membranes
1-14
Organ Systems
•Most animals, including humans, have
many organ systems that work together
to maintain the life of that organism.
•While not all systems are operating at
full capacity at all times, the organism
needs to have most running in some
capacity to maintain life.
1-15
Systems that Cover the Body
•Integumentary system
•Know to us as the
___________
1-15
Systems of Support & Movement
•Skeletal system
•Muscular system
1-15
Systems of Integration and
Coordination
•Nervous system
•Endocrine system
1-15
Transport Systems
•Cardiovascular system
•Lymphatic system
1-15
Absorption and Excretion Systems
•Digestive system
•Respiratory system
•Urinary system
1-15
Systems work TOGETHER
Next we will learn about positional
terminology.
We use positional terminology in order to
specify locations of anatomical structures.
Next we will learn about positional
terminology.
We use positional terminology in order to
__________________________________
__________________________________.
The positional terms usually go in _________.
The paired terms are usually
______________.
For example ___________ and ___________
go together.
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – body standing
Terms of Relative Position
• Superior versus Inferior
•Anterior versus Posterior
•Medial versus Lateral, intermediate
•Ipsilateral versus Contralateral
•Proximal versus Distal
•Superficial versus Deep
•Parietal versus Visceral
1-18
Superior v. Inferior
• Superior means on
• Inferior means
Ex: the cranium is ____________ to the
femoral area.
So you could write a statement stating that the
head is superior to the chest or to be more
specific—the cephalon is superior to the
thorax.
AND
The reverse would also be true:
The thorax is __________to the cephalon.
Anterior v. Posterior
Here are some other terms:
• Anterior means
• Posterior means
Ex: the sternum is _________ to the heart…
OR the heart is _________ to the sternum.
Medial, Lateral, and Intermediate
• Medial means
• Lateral means
• Intermediate means
Ex: the ears are _________ to the nose
AND
Proximal v. Distal
• Proximal means
• Distal means
• Proximal and distal are usually used when
describing structures
Ex: the elbow is _________ to the wrist.
The wrist is _________ to the elbow.
Superficial v. Deep
• Superficial means
• Deep means
Ex: the skin is _________ to the stomach.
The stomach is _________ to the skin.
Ipsilaterial v. Contralateral
• Ipsilateral means on
• Contralateral means on
Ex: the right shoulder and elbow are
_________
The right shoulder and left elbow are
_________ .
Parietal v. Visceral
• Parietal means
• Visceral means pertaining
Ex: The parietal pleura cavity lines the outer
surface of the pleural sac around the lungs
The visceral pleura forms the inner layer of
the pleural sacs
Body Sections
Planes of the body – always referring to anatomical
position
•Saggital
• Can be midsaggital or not
•Coronal
•Transverse
•Oblique
•Longitudinal
1-18
Body Sections
Clinical Application
Medical Imaging
•Noninvasive procedures
•Provide images of soft internal
structures
Ultrasonography
•Use of highfrequency sound
waves
•Relatively quick
and inexpensive
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
•Requires injection of dye
•Produces computerized
transverse, frontal, and
sagittal sections of area
being studied
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Medical and Applied Sciences
•You are responsible for the following, listed at the end of
chapter 1
cardiology
obstetrics
dermatology
oncology
endocrinology
ophthalmology
epidemiology
orthopedics
gastroenterology
otolarygology
geriatrics
pathology
gerontology
pediatrics
gynecology
pharmacology
hematology
podiatry
histology
psychiatry
immunology
radiology
neonatology
toxicology
nephrology
urology
neurology
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