Transcript Unit 1 Introduction to the Human Body

Introduction to the Human Body
Unit 1 - Objective 1
Recognize Or Differentiate
Between Anatomy And
Physiology
• Anatomy
• the scientific
study of body
structure
which
includes size,
shape and
components
of body parts
Examples of Anatomy
• Size and shape of muscles
• The different bones of the body
• the location of the thoracic cavity within the
ventral cavity
• The superior and inferior regions of the
body
• The pericardial cavity around the heart
Physiology- the scientific study
of functions of body parts
Examples of Physiology
• Regulation of blood pH in the 7.35 to 7.45
range
• maintaining cardiac output at 5000
ml/minute
• Breathing at a rate of 12 breaths per minute
• Flexing, extending or rotating muscles
Unit 1 - Objective 2
Define, Sequence And/Or
Recognize Examples Of The
Different Levels Of Structural
Organization Within The Body
Including The: Chemical, Cell,
Tissue, Organ, System and
Organism
The Chemical Level Of
Organization
• Consists of atoms (elements), ions,
molecules, compounds, gases and liquids
• This level of organization is used to make
cell parts such as the cell membrane,
vacuoles, ribosomes, etc.
• The chemical level of the body also
includes the various particles that make up
solutions, cofactors, building blocks, etc.
the Organ Level Of Organization
• Consists of two or more tissues that work
together for a common purpose
• This level of organization produces
structures that can pump blood, circulate
blood, move a bone of the body, monitor
light from objects, transfer sound waves,
etc.
• Examples include the heart, blood vessels,
skeletal muscles, the eye and the ear.
The Cell Level Of Organization
• Consists of individual cells in the body
• The cell is the smallest, independent unit of
the body that displays all the characteristics
of life ( growth, reproduction, etc.).
• Examples include the red blood cell (RBC),
white blood cell (WBC), epithelial cells,
connective tissue cells, nerve and muscle
cells.
The Tissue Level Of
Organization
• Consists of two or more cells that work
together for a common purpose
• Tissues provide coverings, linings,
connections, motions, etc.that go beyond
the activities of individual cells.
• Examples include the four basic tissues of
the body: epithelial, connective, nerve and
muscle tissue.
The System Level Of
Organization
• Consists of two or more organs that work
together for a common purpose
• Body systems allow complex functions to
be completed that affect the entire body
• Body systems produce whole body
movements, circulate fluids throughout the
body, conduct air for gas exchange, produce
and transmit impulses for coordination,
control and regulation. See Objective 3 for
examples.
The Organism Level Of
Organization
• Consists of a complete, independent
member of a species
• The human is a member of the species
Homo sapiens and consists of eleven
different body systems.
• The human has unique body structures and
behaviors that distinguishes it from all other
species.
Unit 1 - Objective 3
Given Various Functions And
Organs Of The Body, Identify
The Following Body Systems:
Integumentary, Skeletal,
Muscular, Endocrine,
Cardiovascular, Urinary,
Lymphatic, Respiratory,
Digestive, Reproductive And
Nervous
Integumentary System
• Composed of skin
(epidermis, dermis,
adipose tissue of
hypodermis ), nails,
hair, receptors, oil
glands and sweat
glands.
• Functions include:
covering the body,
protecting deep
tissues, detecting
stimuli, vitamin D
synthesis, body
temperature regulation
and waste elimination.
Skeletal System
• Composed of all bones • Functions include:
in the body, cartilages,
protection and support
joints and ligaments.
of body organs,
skeletal muscle
attachment sites,
leverage, production
of blood cells and
mineral storage.
The Muscular System
• Components include:
• Functions include:
muscles of the body
movement of bones in
such as the biceps
the skeleton, posture,
brachii, triceps brachii,
balance, locomotion,
quadriceps femoris,
heat production, etc.
gastrocnemius, etc.
The Nervous System
• Components include:
brain, spinal cord,
nerves, sense organs,
sensory receptors, etc.
• Functions include:
regulation of body
activity through fast
acting nerve impulses,
detecting internal and
external stimuli,
activating muscles and
glands, etc.
The Endocrine System
• Components include:
hormone producing
glands such as
hypothalamus,
pituitary, thymus,
thyroid, adrenal,
pancreas, reproductive
organs (ovary and
testicle), etc.
• Functions include:
regulation of body
activities (growth,
reproduction,
metabolism) through
the use of hormones
transported by the
circulatory system.
The Cardiovascular System
• Components include:
heart, blood vessels
and blood.
• Functions include:
transportation of
oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients,
waste, hormones,
antibodies, etc.
The lymphatic System
• Components include:
lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, thymus,
spleen, red marrow,
etc.
• Functions include:
transportation of fluid
(lymph) from the
tissue back to the
blood, filters lymph,
filters blood, houses
white blood cells for
antibody production
and protection.
The Respiratory System
• Composed of: nasal
cavity, pharynx,
larynx, glottis,
epiglottis, bronchial
tubes, alveoli, lungs,
etc.
• Functions include:
oxygen supply, carbon
dioxide removal and
acid-base regulation.
The Digestive System
• Components include:
oral cavity, esophagus,
stomach, intestines,
liver, gall bladder, etc.
• Functions include:
breakdown and
absorption of foods
and nutrients,
conversion of food
waste into feces,
vitamin production,
water and mineral
regulation, etc.
The Urinary System
• Components include:
kidney, ureter,
bladder, urethra, etc.
• Functions include:
elimination of nitrogen
waste (urea, uric acid),
regulation of
electrolytes (ions),
water, acid-base
balance, etc.
The Reproductive System
• Components include:
ovaries, testicles,
prostate, uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina, penis,
etc.
• Functions Include:
production of sperm
cells and ova for
production of new
offspring, release of
reproductive
hormones for the
control the
reproductive cycle.
Unit 1 - Objective 4
Define And/Or Recognize
Examples Of Stress And
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is
defined as a state of
dynamic constancy
which represents a
state of well being,
health or normality.
• Examples of
homeostasis include: a
normal blood pH of
7.35 to 7.45, a normal
blood glucose range of
70-120 mg/100 ml of
blood, or a normal
blood pressure range
of 100-140 mmHg
systolic to 60-90
mmHg diastolic.
Stress
• Stress is defined as
some event or
condition that disrupts
homeostasis.
• Examples of stress
include disease, loss of
negative feedback
control, abnormal
conditions such as
hyperglycemia (high
blood glucose),
acidosis (excess
hydrogen ions), etc.
Unit 1 - Objective 5
Identify The Components Of
Feedback Systems And Using
Examples, Discuss The
Operation And Effects Of
Positive And Negative Feedback
Systems On Homeostasis
All Feedback Systems Have
Three Basic Components
• A receptor which detects change (stimuli) in
the body.
• A control Center which determines a set
point for a normal range, which analyzes
change and which determines a proper
response to change.
• An effector which causes the response
determined by the control center.
Acid-Base Homeostasis
• Carotid and aortic bodies in the neck and
heart monitor hydrogen ion concentration
(pH) in the blood. If blood pH drops below
7.35 (acidosis), these receptors send signals
to the medulla of the brain.
• The medulla acts a controller to activate
respiratory muscles .
• The respiratory muscles act as effectors to
increase breathing which raises pH.
Blood Glucose Homeostasis
• If Blood glucose exceeds 120 mg%, the
beta cell of the pancreas acts as a sensor and
control center to evaluate the high blood
glucose. The beta cell then releases insulin
which acts an effector to increase blood
glucose transfer into body cells. This
process reduces blood glucose and corrects
high blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
Negative Feedback
• Negative feedback is a reversal process. For
example, when the hormone effector insulin
is used to lower blood glucose, High blood
glucose (hyperglycemia) can be reversed.
Positive Feedback
• Positive feedback occurs when the output of
a system causes further increases in output.
If each cycle of activity, results in an ever
increasing output, then a crisis condition
can be reached that could overwhelm a
body system. To correct such a situation,
the stimulus that causes output increases
must be inhibited or removed.
Uses of Feedback Mechanisms
• Negative Feedback is
used to maintain
normal ranges of
activity in order to
stay healthy, to
maintain a state of
well being and to
sustain a state of
dynamic equilibrium.
• Positive feedback is
used to induce a series
of more frequent and
stronger uterine
contractions in order
to facilitate the birth of
a baby.
Unit 1 - Objective 6
Recognize or Define Anatomical
Position
When The Human Body Is In
Correct Anatomical Position:
• The individual is standing straight and
facing forward (anterior).
• The arms are at the side with the palms
open and facing forward.
• The feet are parallel and the toes are
pointing in the anterior direction.
Unit 1 - Objective 7
Given Structures Of The Body,
Use The Following Terms To
Describe Relative Positions Or
Recognize Definitions.
Terms Of Position
• Anterior, Posterior, Dorsal, Ventral,
Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep,
Parietal, Visceral, Superior, Inferior, Medial
and Lateral
• Medulla and Cortex
Anterior Direction
• Anterior is defined as • Anterior can be used
the front of the body
as follows: The tip of
or a part that is in front
the nose is anterior to
of another part.
the nostrils, the
breastbone is anterior
• In an upright organism
to the spine, the lips
such as the human, the
are anterior to the
frontal aspect is also
teeth, your “belly” is
considered to be
ventral (anterior) to
ventral.
your back.
Posterior Direction
• Posterior refers to the
back of the body or to
a structure that is
located behind a part
of the body.
• In an upright organism
such as the human,
posterior also refers to
the dorsal aspect.
• The term posterior can
be used as follows:
The spine is posterior
to the heart, the eye is
posterior to closed eye
lids, a fully retracted
tongue is posterior to
the front teeth.
Dorsal Aspect
• In an upright organism
such as the human, the
dorsal aspect is the
same as the backside
of the body and is
equivalent to the
posterior position.
• The term dorsal can be
used as follows: The
skin of the back is
dorsal to the spine, the
posterior roots of
spinal nerves are in a
dorsal position, the
spinal cord is dorsal to
the aorta.
Ventral Aspect
• The ventral aspect
refers to the front part
of the body and is
equivalent to the term
anterior.
• The term ventral may
be used as follows: the
pericardial cavity is
ventral to the spinal
canal, the aorta is
ventral to the spinal
cord, the sternum is
ventral to the heart.
Proximal Position
• Proximal refers to a
part of the body that
closer to the origin of
that body part. The
arm attaches to the
shoulder region.
Therefore, the upper
arm is in a proximal
position.
• The term proximal
may be used as
follows: the axillary
region (“armpit”) is
proximal to the elbow,
the wrist is proximal
to the fingers, the
elbow is proximal to
the wrist.
Distal Aspect
• Distal refers to a body
part that is farther
from the origin of a
body part. For
example, the leg
originates at the hip.
Therefore, the lower
leg is in a distal
position.
• The term distal can be
applied as follows: the
knee is distal to the
hip, the ankle is distal
to the knee, the
phalanges of the toes
are distal to the
metatarsals of the arch
of the foot.
Superficial Aspect
• Superficial refers to
structures that move
toward or are located
at the body surface.
• The term superficial
can be applied as
follows: the epidermis
is superficial to the
dermis, the skin is
superficial to the
fascia of body muscle,
the conjunctiva is
superficial to the
cornea.
Deep Aspect
• Deep refers to
structures located
away form the body
surface or found in an
internal position.
• The term deep can be
applied as follows: the
dermis is deep
compared to the
epidermis, the skull
bones are deep
compared to the scalp,
the brain is deep
compared to the skull.
Parietal
• Parietal typically
refers to membranes
that line body cavities.
Parietal membranes
are more superficial in
location.
• The term parietal can
be applied as follows:
the membrane lining
the lung cavity is
called the parietal
pleura, the abdominal
cavity is lined by the
parietal peritoneum.
Visceral
• Visceral typically
refers to membranes
that cover body
organs. Visceral
membranes are deeper
than parietal
membranes.
• The term visceral can
be applied as follows:
the lung is covered by
visceral pleura, the
liver is covered by
visceral peritoneum,
the heart is covered by
visceral pericardium.
Superior Aspect
• Superior refers to a
structure located
above another
structure. This term
can also refer to the
cranial region or the
“head end” of the
body.
• The term superior can
be applied as follows:
the head is superior to
the neck, the nose is
superior to the mouth,
the chest is superior to
the abdomen.
Inferior Aspect
• Inferior refers to a
structure located
below another
structure. Inferior can
also refer to the caudal
part of the body or the
“tail end”
• The term interior can
be applied as follows:
the chin is inferior to
the mouth, the mouth
is inferior to the nose,
the abdomen is
inferior to the chest.
Medial Aspect
• Medial refers to a
body part located in or
near the midline.
• The term medial can
be applied as follows:
the heart is medial to
the lungs, the navel is
located in a medial
position, the nose is
medial compared to
the ears.
Lateral Aspect
• Lateral refers to a
location away from
the midline of the
body; the side of the
body or a body part.
• The term lateral can be
applied as follows: the
outside of the arm is
lateral compared to the
inside of the arm, the
sides of the body trunk
are lateral compared to
the navel, the outside
of the knee is lateral.
Medulla
• Medulla is a dual
purpose term. It
commonly refers to
the inner part of solid
body organs such as
the kidney and
medulla. It can also
refer to the most
inferior part of the
brain stem.
• The term medulla can
be applied as follows:
the inner “core” of the
kidney is called the
medulla, the interior
part of the adrenal
gland is called the
medulla.
Cortex
• The term cortex is
another dual purpose
term. Cortex can refer
to the outer layer of a
solid body organ such
as the kidney and
adrenal gland. The
outer gray matter layer
of the cerebrum is also
called the cortex.
• Cortex can be applied
as follows: the outer
layer of the kidney is
the cortex, the outer
layer of the adrenal
gland is called the
cortex, the outer layer
of the cerebrum is
called the cortex.
Unit 1 - Objective 8
Given figures or descriptions of the human
body, identify the following regions, planes,
cavities and membranes: frontal, coronal or
sagittal planes, transverse or horizontal plane,
dorsal cavity, ventral cavity, cranial cavity,
spinal cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity,
abdominopelvic cavity, thoracic cavity, left
and right pleural cavities, mesentery, visceral
and parietal pleura, visceral and parietal
peritoneum, visceral and parietal
pericardium,diaphragm.
Planes Of The Body
• Frontal or Coronal Plane
• Sagittal Plane
• Transverse or Horizontal Plane
View the following diagram and
make note of the three body
planes.
Planes of the Body
The Frontal or Coronal Plane
The frontal or coronal plane will
divide the body into anterior and
posterior sections.
The Sagittal Plane
the sagittal plane is a vertical plane
thatdivides the body into right and
left sections.
The Transverse or Horizontal
Plane
The transverse plane runs
horizontally through the body at a
right angle to the long axis . This
plane divides the body into a superior
and inferior section.
View the following diagram and
make note of the body cavities
Cavities Of The Body
The Dorsal Cavity
• The dorsal cavity is
located in the posterior
portion or the back of
the body. This cavity
is best viewed in a
sagittal section and
includes the cranial
cavity and the
vertebral or spinal
cavity.
• The cranial cavity
houses the brain and is
located in the superior
portion of the dorsal
cavity.
• The vertebral cavity
houses the spinal cord
and is located in the
inferior portion of the
dorsal cavity
The Ventral Cavity
• The ventral cavity is
located in the ventral
aspect of the body and
is best viewed in a
sagittal section. The
ventral cavity includes
the thoracic and
abdominopelvic
cavities.
• The thoracic cavity is
located in the superior
aspect of the ventral
cavity and includes the
pleural and pericardial
cavities. The abdomiopelvic cavity is located
inferior to the thoracic
cavity and includes the
abdominal and pelvic
cavities.
The Pleural Cavities
• These cavities enclose the right and left
lungs and are best seen in a frontal view.
• The pleural cavities are found in the
thoracic cavity.
• The pleural cavities flank the centrally
located pericardial cavity.
• The pleural cavities are lined by parietal
pleural membranes (parietal pleura).
The Pericardial Cavity
• This cavity is found in the thoracic cavity
and encloses the heart.
• The pericardial cavity is found between the
pleural cavities.
• The pericardial cavity is lined by the
parietal pericardial membrane (parietal
pericardium).
• This cavity is best seen in a frontal view.
The Abdominopelvic Cavity
• This cavity is part of the ventral cavity and
includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
• The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the
parietal peritoneal membrane (parietal
peritoneum).
• The abdominal cavity encloses abdominal
organs such as the liver, stomach and
intestines.
• The pelvic cavity encloses pelvic organs.
The Membranes Of The Body
• The membranes of the body line, cover,
protect and support body organs and body
cavities.
• The body membranes include the
visceral/parietal pleura, the visceral/parietal
pericardium, the visceral/parietal
peritoneum and mesentery.
View the following diagram and
make note of the body
membranes
Membranes of the Body
Parietal
pleura
diaphragm
Parietal
peritoneum
Parietal
pericardium
The Visceral Pleural Membrane
• This membrane can also be called visceral
pleura
• The visceral pleura covers the lung surface
The Parietal Pleural Membrane
• This membrane can also be called the
parietal pleura.
• The parietal pleura lines the pleural cavity
and surrounds the visceral pleura.
• The fluid interface between the parietal and
visceral pleura allows the two membranes
to move as one during breathing. If this
interface is broken, pneumothorax occurs.
The Visceral Pericardial
Membrane
• This membrane can also be called the
visceral pericardium which covers the heart.
• The visceral pericardium is the outer layer
of the heart and can be described as the
epicardium.
The Parietal Pericardial
Membrane
• This membrane is also called the parietal
pericardium.
• The parietal pericardium lines the
pericardial cavity and surrounds the visceral
pericardium.
• The parietal and visceral pericardium are
separated by extensive amounts of
pericardial fluid.
The Visceral Peritoneal
Membrane
• This membrane is also called the visceral
peritoneum.
• The visceral peritoneum covers the surface
of visceral organs (stomach, pancreas,
bladder, etc.) located in the abdominopelvic
cavity.
The Parietal Peritoneal
Membrane
• This membrane is also called parietal
peritoneum.
• The parietal peritoneum lines the
abdominopelvic cavity.
• The parietal and visceral peritoneum are
separated by variable spaces that contain
peritoneal fluid.
The Mesentery
• The mesentery is a specialized membrane
formed by specific interconnections
between the visceral peritoneum of certain
visceral organs and the parietal peritoneum.
• The mesentery will help hold organs in a
relatively fixed location and provide
regional support in the abdominopelvic
cavity.
The Diaphragm
• The diaphragm is a muscular partition that
separates the superior thoracic cavity from
the inferior abdominopelvic cavity.
• The diaphragm contains abundant skeletal
muscle fibers and can be used to control
voluntary breathing.
Unit 1 - Objective 9
Define or Recognize Body Regions or
Structures which Relate to the Following
Terms:
• Abdominal, Brachial, Cephalic, Costal,
Cutaneous, Groin, Ophthalmic, Pectoral,
Pelvic, Viscera, Popliteal, Axillary,
Cervical, Antecubical, Femoral, Gluteal,
Lumbar,Oral, Pedal, Plantar, Otic, Cranial,
and Celiac.
There are a number of regional
terms used to designate specific
body areas. Examine the
following diagrams in order to
locate each item in Objective 9.
Body Regions
Ophthalmic
Oral
Brachial
Antecubital
Pelvic
Cephalic
Cranial portion of
Forehead
Otic
Pectoral
Costal
Celiac
Abdominal
Groin
Femoral
Pedal
Body Regions
Cervical
Cutaneous (skin)
Viscera will
be found
inside the
abdominal
cavity
Axillary
Lumbar
Gluteal
Popliteal
Plantar
The Terms Used in Objective 9
Can Be Defined As Follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abdominal -------------abdomen
Brachial -----------------upper arm
Cephalic -----------------head
Costal --------------------rib
Cutaneous ---------------skin
groin ----------------------inguinal region
Ophthalmic---------------eye
Objective 9 Definitions
Continued:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pectoral --------------- chest
Pelvic ------------------pelvis
Viscera ----------------soft organ material
Popliteal ---------------back of knee
Axillary ----------------armpit
Cervical ----------------neck
antecubical -------------front of elbow
Objective 9 Definitions
Continued:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Femoral ----------------thigh
Gluteal -----------------buttock
Lumbar -----------------loin (lower back)
Oral ---------------------mouth
pedal --------------------foot
plantar-------------------sole of foot
Objective 9 Definitions
Continued:
• Otic --------------------ear
• Cranial -----------------skull
• Celiac ------------------upper abdomen