Transcript PowerPoint to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and

Human
Anatomy
and
Physiology
Chapter
1
1
Hints for note taking
• Listen to the teacher
– Repeating ideas or terms
– Emphasizing
• Make your own short hand
– and = +, &, or /
– With= w/ without w/o
• Don’t get lost in copying: information is in your text book or online!!!!!
• Highlight, underline, use different colors of pencil/ink to help
show key concepts……but do not color your page!
• Don’t bury your information: skip lines use tabs
• Read your book and fill in missing info or add to your notes.
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I. Divisions of study
“ the study of the human body is an interdisciplinary science. It
consists of fields that focus on structure or function” (Wingerd p. 4)
1. Anatomy: describes the location, appearance and
relationships of body parts. (Greek – “a cutting up”)
a. Gross anatomy: study w/o aid of a microscope
b. microanatomy: study by microscopic examination
c. Histology: study of tissues
d. Systematic anatomy: body structures within an organ
system
e. Regional anatomy: study by region
3
Divisions of study
2. Physiology – study of function, mechanisms that
operate body functions. (Greek – “relationship to
nature”)
a. Structure is always related to function
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II. Medical terminology
1. Origins
a.
Greek & Latin roots considered universal language
b.
Makes descriptions more precise.
5
2. Pronunciation
a. 6 specific rules
1. underline is primary accent: cerebellum (ser-e-bel-um)
or it may be CAPITALIZED: (ser-e- BEL-um)
2. A Secondary accent is an marked by an accent (‘):
( ser’-e-bel-um)
3. Unmarked vowel ends a syllable, it is long, marked with
a macron (ˉ ).
Immune = ( i-mūn’)
4. A syllable ends with a consonant, it’s unmarked vowel
is short and marked with a breve (˘).
Cranial= ( Kra-ne-ăl)
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Practice:
•
•
•
•
•
Homeostasis = ( ho’-mē-ō-STĀ-sis)
urease = (u-re-ās)
Apophysis = (ă-pof-i-sis )
Edema = (ĕ-dēm-ah)
Acetabulum= ( a’- se-TAB-yoo-lum)
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3. Word parts
a. Root word: the meaning or core part of the word that
usually describes a body part . There can be one or more
root words. gastr- stomach
cardi- heart
b. Prefix: attached to beginning of a word to modify the root
such as location of an organ, the number of parts, or time
involved. Not all words have a prefix.
an- no, without
anti- against
c. Suffix: attached to the end of a word to modify its meaning.
such as condition, disease process, or procedure. May
have more than one.
e.g. –ic, -al = pertaining to
-ase enzyme
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d. Combining vowel:
-usually an o or i that is used between a root and suffix.
-combining form is when root has its combining vowel
attached. root word= adip- fat combining form= adip/o
-When a suffix begins with a vowel (usually an i) the
combining vowel is dropped.
1. meneng/o ( membranes) + - itis ( inflammation) =
menengitis
2. cardi/o ( heart) + itis ( inflammation) = carditis
3. epi-(above, upon, on) + gastr-(stomach) + -algia (pain) =
epigastrialgia
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Word parts
example
Medical term
Prefix+root
Anti-(against) + thyroid
(thyroid gland)
Antithyroid+ against the
thyroid, suppressing thyroid
activity
Root+ suffix
Gastr-(stomach) + -ic
(pertaining to)
Gastric= pertaining to the
stomach
Combining form + suffix
Cardi-(heart) + /o(cv) + -logy
(study of)
Cardiology = study of the
heart
Prefix + suffix
An- ( no, without) +
-emia ( blood)
Anemia = without blood
Prefix + root+ suffix
Epi-(above, over) + gastr(stomach) + algia (pain)
Epigastraliga= pain above the
stomach
Compound root + suffix
Ot/o(ear) + rhin/o(nose) +
laryng/o ( throat) + -logy
(study of)
Otorhinolaryngology =
branch of medicine dealing
with the study of the ear nose
and throat( ENT)
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Lets practice some words
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Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – standing
erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward
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Anatomical Terms of direction
term
definition
example
Ipsilateral
Same side of body
Right arm is ipsilateral to
right hip
Contralateral
Opposite side of body
Right shoulder is cotralateral
to left hip
Superficial
Nearer to the surface
The skin is superficial to the
bone
Deep
Farther inward
The bone is deeper than
superficial muscle
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Term
Definition
example
Peripheral
Nearer the outside perimeter
The capsule is in the
peripheral area of the kidney
Central
Toward the center
The bone marrow is in the
central cavity of the bone
Prone/ pronate
Face down, palms down/ to
move rotate downward
Lying in prone position/
rotate the palms down
Supine/ supinate
Lying face up, palms up/
move rotate upward
Lying face up/ rotate the
palms upward as if to hold
something
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term
definition
example
Dorsal/Posterior
Nearer or towards the back
The backbone is dorsal to the
belly
Ventral/ Anterior
Nearer or towards the
belly/front
The sternum is ventral to the
backbone
Cranial/superior
Toward the head or higher
than
the humerous is superior to
the radius.
Caudal/ inferior
Toward the tail or lower than
The xyphoid is at the inferior
end of the sternum.
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term
definition
example
proximal
Closer to the point of
attachment
The humerus is proximal to
the carpals
Distal
Farther from point of
attachment
The phalanges are distal to
the metacarpals
medial
Toward the midline
The bladder is medial to the
hip
lateral
Away from midline
The ribs are lateral to the
lungs
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term
definition
example
palmer
the palm
In supination. The palmer
surface is facing up
plantar
The sole of the foot
We walk on our plantar
surface
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Directional terms
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Planes of Body
•Sagittal / or Median / Parasagittal: vertical division of
that separates into right and left sides
•Midsagittal = equal left and right sides.
•Transverse or Horizontal: horizontal line that separates
body into superior and inferior or top and bottom
•Coronal or Frontal: Vertical line that separates body into
ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) or front and back
portions
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Body Sections
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Body Sections
• Cross section: through width of a section
• Oblique : diagonal through section
• Longitudinal: through length of section
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Body Sections
Cross section
oblique
longitudinal
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Body Sections
Let’s quiz!
Sagittal/
midsagittal
Horizontal/
Frontal/
transverse
coronal
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Standard deviants: anatomical
positions
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Levels of Organization
Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, neutrons
Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom
Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule
Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus
Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell
Tissue – simple squamous epithelium, loose connective
tissue
Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney
Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system
Organism - human
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Levels of Organization
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Lab 1 next
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Organ Systems
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Organ Systems
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Organ Systems
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Organ Systems
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Body Regions
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Dorsal( posterior) and Ventral( anterior) cavities
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
-brain
-Spinal cord
Ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
-lungs
-viscera
-kidney
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Heart(mediastinum)
Spleen
intestines
Main vessels
Pelvic cavity
-urinary bladder
Rectum
Reproductive organs
(internal)
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Body Cavities
34
Abdominal Subdivisions
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Quick quiz
•
•
•
•
What cavity hold the intestine?
What cavity holds the heart?
What system is responsible for movement?
What structure separates the thoracic and
abdominal cavities?
• What is in the name of the posterior/dorsal
cavity of the body?
36
Thoracic & Abdominal Membranes
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
-forms the lining of cavity
-more superficial than visceral membrane
•Parietal pleura: lines wall of thoracic cavity
•Parietal pericardium: Lines mediastinum that hold the heart
•Parietal peritoneum: Lines the abdominal cavity
Visceral layer – attaches to and covers an organ
-is immediately deeper than parietal membrane
•Visceral pleura: connects to and covers lungs
•Visceral pericardium: connects to and covers the heart
•Visceral peritoneum: line all the organs of the abdominal cavity
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Cavities/membranes
Time to reflect… write a quick summary that describes and
differentiates the parietal and visceral membranes.
38
Characteristics of Life
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing
carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
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Characteristics of Life
Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms
Absorption – passage of substances through
membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
chemically different forms
Excretion – removal of wastes produced by
metabolic reactions
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Requirements of Organisms
Life depends on five environmental factors
• water
• food
• oxygen
• heat
• pressure
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Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (Gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
43
Homeostasis
Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the
internal environment and corrects any changes
•Receptors - provide information about stimuli
•Control center - tells what a particular value should be
(includes a set point)
•Effectors - elicit responses that change conditions in the
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internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms
45
Homeostatic Mechanisms
46
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Time to reflect
• Summarize how homeostasis is controlled
in the body.
• How does the body use homeostatic
mechanisms to control body temperature?
48
Health and Disease
Disease – Any reduction in the body’s ideal state.
• Lesion – structural change in a body part or region caused
by a disease.
• Acute – expected to last a short time.
• Chronic – lasts a longer duration.
• Symptoms – sensation that can be correlated w/ an origin
from disease.
• Diagnosis – process of identifying a disease from its
symptoms. The first step in treatment.
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Health and Disease
Classification of Disease
• Congenital – arise before birth. Can be inherited from
parent(s), but usually due to genetic code. (Cerebral Palsy)
• Immunological – Caused by a reaction of the body to an
invasion by foreign substances. (AIDS)
• Metabolic – Affects metabolism directly. (MD)
• Neoplastic – caused by abnormal growth and/or
reproduction of cells in which they develop into lesions.
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What is on the test
• Multiple choice
• Matching (body systems & parts of body &
terminology
- Short answer:
Be able to define homeostasis and explain
how it is regulated in the body. (temperature
control)
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