Transcript Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: “ana” = up, “tomy” = process of cutting – Science of body structures & relationships among structures Physiology: “physio” = nature, “ology” = study of – Science of body functions Anatomy and Physiology Table 1.1 = selected subdisciplines: – Embryology, developmental biology, histology, surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systematic anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic anatomy, pathological anatomy, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, exercise physiology, pathophysiology. Anatomy and Physiology Levels of organization: – Chemical level: atoms molecules – Cellular level – Tissue level – Organ level *can be part of more than 1 system – System level – Organismal level Basic life processes- living things Metabolism = sum of all chemical processes – Catabolism = “throw down,” breakdown – Anabolism = “raise up,” building up Responsiveness – detect/respond to change Movement- body, organs, cell, subcellular Growth– size, # of cells, or both Differentiation- become specialized Reproduction- form new cells/tissue, repair, replacement, or new individual Homeostasis Homeo = sameness Stasis = standing still Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment. Constant interplay of body’s regulatory processes. Dynamic condition Body fluids • Maintaining volume & composition • Intracellular - inside cell • Extracellular - outside cell – Interstitial fluid –between the cells of tissue – Examples of extracellular fluids: • • • • • • Blood plasma Lymph Cerebrospinal fluid Synovial fluid Aqueous and vitreous humor How do fluid compartments help meet metabolic needs of the body? Control of homeostasis Regulating systems: – Nervous system – send nerve impulses – Endocrine system – release hormones • May work together or independently NS & ES can be part of a feedback system – cycle of events – status of body condition continually monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, re-evaluated – 2 types of feedback systems Feedback systems, fig 1.2-1.4 • Receptor- monitors, inputcontrol center • Control center- set range to maintain • Effector- control centeroutput, response • Negative feedback– reverses a change – Do the opposite! – Fig 1.3 blood pressure regulation • Positive feedback- strengthen/reinforce change – Make more! Or, Speed up! – Fig 1.4 labor contractions Examples of feedback systems Negative feedback loop – Figure 1.3, blood pressure regulation – Many examples of these Positive feedback loop – Figure 1.4, labor contractions during childbirth – Few examples in human body Anatomical terminology Anatomical position: figure 1.5 – stands erect – facing the observer – head level – eyes forward – feet flat & directed forward – arms at sides & palms forward Prone: body lying face down Supine: body lying face up Directional terms, fig 1.6, ex 1.1 Superior (cephalic or cranial) Anterior (ventral) Medial Ipsilateral Proximal Superficial Inferior (caudal) Posterior (dorsal) Lateral Contralateral Distal Deep *be aware terms differ for bi-pedal vs. quad. Suffixes, prefixes and roots. Consult the back inside cover of your textbook and learn these lists of terms. Planes and Sections, figure 1.7 Sagittal plane – vertical, divide right & left – Midsagittal or median plane divides EQUAL right & left, (all others= parasagittal) Frontal or coronal plane – divides into anterior & posterior (front & back) Transverse plane – divides into superior & inferior (upper & lower) Oblique plane – passes thru at an ANGLE Body Cavities, figure 1.9 Dorsal body cavity – Cranial cavity • Cranial bones • Brain – Vertebral cavity • Vertebral bones • Spinal cord • Beginning of spinal nerves Ventral body cavity (organs inside these cavities- called viscera) – Thoracic cavity, fig 1.10 • • • • Pericardial cavity Right pleural cavity Left pleural cavity Mediastinum – Adominopelvic cavity fig 1.11 • Abdominal cavity • Pelvic cavity Viscera in body cavities What viscera are found in each of the ventral cavities? (dorsal were listed for you on the previous slide) Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Regions of the abdomen, fig 1.13 Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Epigastric region,Epi=up on or above Umbilical region- navel Right inguinal Hypogastric (iliac) region (pubic) region Inguinal= groin Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left inguinal (iliac) region Quadrants of abdomen, fig1.13 Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Body systems, table 1.2 Integumentary system: skin, hair, nails, sweat & oil glands – – – – – Protect body regulate temp eliminate some waste help make vitamin D detect touch, pain, warmth & cold Muscular system: muscles attached to skeletal system – Body movement – stabilize body position – generate heat Skeletal system: bones & joints (w/ associated cartilage) – – – – Supports & protects body aids in movement houses cells that produce blood cells store minerals & lipids Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs – Generate action potentials- reg body activities – Detect change in internal & external environ – Responds w/ muscular contraction or glandular secretion Endocrine system: hormone producing glands & other hormone producing cells – Regulates body activities- releasing hormones: • messengers from gland to target organ Lymphatic & Immune system: lymphatic fluid, vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus, & tonsils – Return proteins & fluid to blood – Carry lipids from GI tract to blood – Lymphocytes protect from disease & proliferate Cardiovascular system: blood, heart, & blood vessels – Blood carries O2 & nutrients to cells, picks up CO2 & waste – reg acid-base balance, temp, & water content of body fluids – blood components defend against disease & mend blood vessels Respiratory system: lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, & bronchiole tubes – Transfer O2 and CO2 – Regulate acid-base balance – Sound production Reproductive system: – gonads • ovaries in female • testes in male – associated organs • uterine tubes, uterus, & vagina in females • epididymis, ductus deferens, & penis in males – produce gametes • unite to form a new organism – gonads produce hormones that regulate reproduction & other body processes – associated organs transport & store gametes Digestive system: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus, accessory organs: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas – Physical and chemical breakdown of food – absorbs nutrients – eliminates solid wastes Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra – Produces, stores & eliminates urine – eliminates waste & regulate volume & chemical composition of blood – maintain acid-base balance – maintain body’s mineral balance – regulate production of RBC