Transcript Introductory PPT - Misty Cherie ~ Glass Artist

BIO 201
CRN 30375
MTWR 7:00 am - 11:20 am
Human Anatomy & Physiology I
Pima West Campus
Summer 2007B
About Your Instructor
 Education Undergraduate and masters degree work at Stanford, Ph.D. work
at University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB)
 Research Research under U.S. Navy and Air Force grants on visuospatial
perception, recent research on ion channels in the Ion Channel Lab at the
University of Arizona School of Medicine
 Teaching Former high school math teacher, technical & vocational school
instructor, university professor, and current adjunct instructor in the
Biology Department at Pima Community College, also taught at Antioch
University West, University of New Mexico, UCSB, and Stanford
 Content Areas Taught undergraduate courses in neuroscience,
neuropharmacology, animal venom toxins, and other courses in biology,
psychology, and statistics
 Field Experience Studied rain forest species in Belize and Guatemala
 Community Docent Coordinator at Tohono Chul Park, Tucson Herpetological
Society Speaker’s Bureau, Southern Arizona Arts Guild Artist
 Typical Other Stuff Cross country mountain biker and road cyclist (El Tour
de Tucson), acoustic 6 and 12 string guitar (Tucson Folk Festival), nature
photographer, juggler, mediocre chess player
Photo © 2004 by Tim McDonald
Tom McDonald is a former Professor of
Neuroscience, Phillips University.
Here he is pictured with
Lampropeltis pyromelana,
the Sonoran mountain kingsnake.
Can you tell which one is the snake?
 Favorite Twilight Zone Episode Played shortstop in the 1997 Men’s Masters
US National Slowpitch Softball Championship Tournament in Enid, Oklahoma:
Lost first game 17 - 3, second game 11 - 1, went home.
 “Fun Fact” Can change color to blend in with my surroundings
 Life Changing Experience When I was abducted by aliens and got to fly over
the Bermuda Triangle in a spaceship and meet Elvis and Bruce Lee in person
 Guiding Principle “Soap and education are not as sudden as a massacre,
but they are more deadly in the long run” Mark Twain
What Should You Call Me?
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Dr. McDonald
Professor McDonald
Mr. McDonald
Tom
Absolutely
have to have
a title?
What Should You Call Me?
Anything
that isn’t
crossed
out!
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Dr. McDonald
Professor McDonald
Mr. McDonald
Tom
Your Excellency
Your Majesty
Your Eminence
Oz the Great & Powerful
Anatomy & Physiology
 Anatomy is the study of structure
 Anatomy asks “What is it?”
 Revealed by dissection, imaging
techniques
 “Normal” human anatomy covered in
this course
Anatomy & Physiology

Imaging
Techniques
Anatomy & Physiology

What is “normal?”
 Statistical
Anatomy & Physiology
 Physiology is the study of function
 Physiology asks “How does it work?”
 “Normal” human physiology covered in
this course
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy
Whoa! Watch where that thing
lands—we’ll probably need it.
Anatomy & Physiology
Physiology
“Whoa! That was a good one!
Try it, Hobbs—just poke his
brain right where my finger is.”
Levels of Organization
in the Human Body
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Organism
Organ Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Chemicals
Levels of Organization in the Human Body
 Chemical elements (atoms) form
molecules & macromolecules (Ch. 2)
 C, H, O, & N = 96% of humans
 P, Ca, K, Na, S, Cl, Mg, & Fe = 3.8%
 Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic
acids are the basic molecules of the
human body
 Many different types of cells (Ch. 3)
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Cells have many specialized components
Cells have semi-permeable membranes
Protein synthesis
Cell division
Cell signaling
Why Science Is Important in the Health Care Professions
Levels of Organization in the Human Body
 Tissues composed of similar cells (Ch. 4)
 Organized around particular functions
 Four basic types:
 Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
 Organs composed of two or more types
of tissues
 Organs perform special functions
 Organs usually have recognizable shapes
Levels of Organization in the Human Body
 Organ System Level
 Multiple organs
 Connected by common purpose
 Some organs may belong to
more than one organ system
 Organismal Level
 The entire organism
 Many organ systems
The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body
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 Integumentary
 Skeletal
 Muscular
 Nervous
Digestive
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Urinary
Endocrine
Reproductive
Anatomical Position
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Standardized method of observing or imaging
the body
Allows precise and consistent anatomical
references
In Anatomical Position:
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Standing upright
Facing the observer, head level
Eyes facing forward
Feet flat on the floor
Arms at the sides
Palms facing forward
A body lying face down is in the prone position
A body lying face up is in the supine position
Common Regional Names
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Used for reference
Add pectoral
• Based on Latin or Greek terms
Anatomical Directional Terms
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Precisely locate one
body part with respect
to another
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Reduces the need for
lengthy explanations
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Superior/Inferior
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Medial/Lateral
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Proximal/Distal
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Anterior/Posterior
Anatomical Directional Terms
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Superior = towards
the head
 The lungs are
superior to the
stomach
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Inferior = away from
the head
 The urinary bladder
is inferior to the
liver
Anatomical Directional Terms
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Medial = towards the
midline
 The sternum is medial
to the lungs
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Lateral = away from
the midline
 The humerus is
lateral to the
gallbladder
Anatomical Directional Terms
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Proximal = nearer
the attachment of a
limb to the trunk
 The elbow is
proximal to the
hand
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Distal = farther from
the attachment of a
limb to the trunk
 The foot is distal
to the knee
Anatomical Directional Terms
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Anterior (Ventral) = at
the front of the body
 The forehead is
anterior to the brain
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Posterior (Dorsal) = at
the back of the body
 The heart is
posterior to the
sternum
Anatomical Planes and Sections
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Planes are imaginary flat
surfaces that divide the body
into distinct partitions
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The principal planes include:
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Frontal (Coronal)
Transverse (Horizontal)
Sagittal
Oblique
Sections are flat surfaces
resulting from cuts through
body structures, named for
the plane on which the cut is
made
Anatomical Planes and Sections
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The Frontal or Coronal Plane divides
the body or an organ into anterior
and posterior surfaces
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The Transverse or Horizontal Plane
divides the body or an organ into
superior and inferior surfaces
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The Sagittal Plane divides the body
or an organ into medial and lateral
surfaces
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The Midsagittal Plane runs through
the midline
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Parasagittal planes produce unequal
halves
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Oblique is some combination of 2
other planes
Body Cavities
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Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect,
separate, and support the internal organs
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Serous membranes are thin slippery membranes that line body
cavities and reduce friction during movement
 The parietal layer lines the walls of cavities
 The visceral layer covers the internal organs, which are called viscera
Dorsal Body Cavity
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Located near the dorsal
surface of the body
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Two subdivisions
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Cranial Cavity
 Formed by bones of the skull
 Contains the brain
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Vertebral Cavity
 Formed by the vertebral
column
 Contains the spinal cord
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Three layers of protective
tissue, the meninges, line the
dorsal cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
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Located near the ventral
surface of the body
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Two subdivisions
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Thoracic Cavity
 Above the diaphragm
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
 Below the diaphragm
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The diaphragm is a large
dome shaped muscle used in
breathing
Ventral Body Cavity
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The thoracic cavity contains
two pleural cavities and the
mediastinum, which contains
the pericaridal cavity
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Pleural cavities enclose the
lungs
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Pericardial cavity encloses
the heart
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The abdominopelvic cavity
contains the abdominal cavity
and the pelvic cavity
Mediastinum
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Broad median partition between the lungs
Extends from the sternum to the vertebral column
Contains heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus (all
the thoracic organs except the lungs)
Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Viscera of the abdominal cavity include the stomach, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, and most of the large
intestine
Viscera of the pelvic cavity include the urinary bladder, portions of
the large intestine, and the internal male and female reproductive
organs
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Four quadrants are created by drawing two perpendicular
intersecting lines through the umbilicus
Again helpful in locating organs and in diagnosing pains and ailments
Homeostasis
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From the Greek homoios = same and stasis = state
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Homeostasis refers to the body’s ability to maintain certain
physiological parameters within a relatively narrow range
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Examples of homeostasis (normal human parameters):
 Blood glucose is maintained at 70 - 110 mg/dL
 Blood pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45
 Body temperature is maintained at around 37˚C
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Homeostasis is constantly being disrupted:
 External stimuli (heat, cold, lack of oxygen, etc.)
 Internal stimuli (digestion, exercise, psychological stress, etc.)
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Disruptions are usually mild and temporary
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Large or long term disruptions of homeostasis may result in death
Homeostasis
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Homeostasis is regulated primarily by the endocrine system and the
nervous system, which may work independently or together
 The endocrine system uses chemical messengers in the blood called
hormones
 Hormones bring about relatively slow changes
 The nervous system uses nerve impulses, an electrochemical process
 Nerve impulses bring about relatively fast changes
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Homeostasis is regulated by feedback systems
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Feedback systems consist of three principal components:
 A Receptor monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends signals to
the Control Center
 The Control Center sets ranges for the controlled condition, receiving
signals from Receptors and sending signals to Effectors
 An Effector is a body structure that receives signals from the control
center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition
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Homeostasis is ultimately the main theme throughout the course
Feedback Loop
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Homeostasis is disrupted by a
stimulus
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Controlled condition monitored
by receptors
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Receptors send signals to the
control center
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Control Center sends signals
to effectors
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Actions of the Effectors help
to bring about a return to
homeostasis
Negative Feedback Loops
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If a response reverses the original
stimulus, the system is a negative
feedback loop
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If a response enhances the original
stimulus, the system is a positive
feedback loop
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Negative feedback loops are much more
common in physiology
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Control of blood pressure (BP) is an
example of a negative feedback loop
 Pressure receptors in arterial walls
detect an increase in BP, signal brain
 Brain receives input, signals heart to slow
and arterioles to dilate
 BP returns to normal
Negative Feedback Loops
Positive Feedback Loops
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Childbirth is an example of a positive
feedback loop
 First contractions of labor push baby’s
head into cervix, causing cervix to stretch
 Stretch receptors in cervix sense stretch
and send signals to brain
 Brain releases oxytocin, causing uterus to
contract
 More contractions cause more stretching
which releases more oxytocin
 Cycle is broken by birth of the baby and a
decrease in stretch
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Other examples of positive feedback
loops are lactation, blood clotting, &
action potentials in the nervous system
Positive Feedback Loops
Homeostasis
Homeostatis means that large fluctuations in the external environment
are transformed into small fluctuations in the internal environment.
Body Temperature Homeostasis
in Mammals and Reptiles
Reptiles
Mammals
Outside Temperature
• Reptile body temp mirrors outside body temp (conformer)
• Mammal body temp stays the same through a wide range of outside
temps (regulator)
Conformers and Regulators
for Different Physiological Processes
Salmon are conformers for body temperature but regulators for blood
chloride concentration. They have special glands and transporters to move salt
across membranes.
Microenvironments Can Assist
in Maintaining Homeostasis
In the Tucson area
the soil temp at the
surface ranges from
~5˚F to ~150˚F over
the course of a year,
but 18 inches under
the ground, where
many rodents and
reptiles live, the temp
stays between ~50˚F
and ~95˚F
Air and soil temperatures measured near Tucson, AZ
(Red = minimum temp
Black = maximum temp)