Transcript BIOL 1010 Human Anatomy

BIOL
1010
Human
Anatomy
Dr. Joel Gluck
Email:
[email protected]
Cell Phone:
401-952-1345
Why Study Anatomy?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Communication within the health professions.
In order to understand the pathology of the
human body, one must understand the normal.
Learn the interaction between body systems.
Define the significance between structure and
function.
It’s Fun. (Personal opinion)
Goals of the Course
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To provide a common anatomical language
To relate the common language of anatomy to
the functional morphology of the human body.
To provide a baseline of knowledge for the
study of physiology.
Illustrate the principle that structure and
function are related.
Why Study Anatomy?
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Provides an education rather than training.
ie: you can train a monkey to do surgery but
the monkey cannot fix a problem when it arises.
Terminology allows clear communication
between medical professionals.
Things aren’t always what they appear to be…
Some definitions
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Morphology
-form that structures take on.
-Morphology affects function
Structure
-a part of the body. Can either be microscopic (small)
or macroscopic (large).
Function
-refers to physical behavior. What a structure does.
-Function is related to structures=Functional
Morphology
Normal vs. Abnormal
-We must understand the normal situation to
be able to compare it with and recognize the
abnormal.
Topographic Anatomy
-Structures on the surface of the skin can be
used to identify and locate deeper structures,
organs, and tissues beneath the skin.
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Structure defines and restricts function.
- certain joints can only move in one direction.
For example a hinge joint can only have motion
perpendicular to the axis of the joint. The knee
joint (hinge) cannot have motion in the lateral
direction because that goes against the axis.
Laboratory Information
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Hands on training.
Bring lab book, an atlas, and
information your instructor
tells you.
You must supply your own
gloves.
Dissection kits will be
supplied for you.
DO NOT CUT
ANYTHING! This is blunt
dissection.
Get a 4 or 5 color pen or a
set of colored pencils.
YOU MUST PASS BOTH
LECTURE AND LAB
TO PASS THE COURSE
Drugs and Alcohol Don’t Mix
ANATOMY
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Study of structure.
ANA = apart
TOMY = to cut
Anatomy
GROSS
HISTOLOGY
Surface Anatomy
Structures can only be
seen with a microscope
Study of shapes and landmarks
on the surface of the body
Cells and cell parts
Structures can be seen with
the naked eye.
Dissection
Regional
All structures of a region are studied together
Systemic
All structures with related functions are
studied together
Our study of Human Anatomy will look at both, gross and histological anatomy.
Anatomical
Terminology
Anatomical Axes - axes
are like skewers which pass
through the body. They are
used to describe axes about
which rotation movements
take place - very similar to the
pin in a door hinge. The door
moves in a plane around an
axis - the plane is determined
by the orientation of the pin
in the hinge.
Superior
Inferior
Anatomical Position
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This is a reference position that allows for the
use of consistent directional terminology.
All descriptions of location are made from
within anatomical position.
Subject is facing forward with palms forward,
thumbs facing to the sides.
Anatomical
Position
This is the position
from which all
directions and
descriptions are made.
The person is standing
erect, palms facing
anteriorly, feet
together and facing
forward.
Superior
TRANSVERSE
PLANE
Inferior
Body Midline
EYES
Medial
Sagittal
Plane
Lateral
EARS
The Extremities have a different set of terms
The arm is DISTAL
TO THE
TRUNK or
MIDLINE OF
THE BODY
The upper arm is
PROXIMAL
The eyes are SUPERIOR to
the mouth.
The mouth is INFERIOR
to the eyes.
BACK
FRONT
The gluteus
maximus is
POSTERIOR to
the umbilicus.
C
O
R
O
N
A
L
The umbilicus is
ANTERIOR to the
gluteus maximus.
P
IN BACK OF
L
IN FRONT OF
A
Also called
DORSAL
N
E
Also called
VENTRAL
In four legged animals, the head is ANTERIOR to
the tail. In two legged animals, the head is
SUPERIOR to the tail.
In four legged animals, the region toward the head
is CRANIAL. The region toward the tail is
CAUDAL.
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
What is the relationship?
knee to thigh
Nipple to belly button
Chin to eyes
Little toe to big toe
SKIN
SUPERFICIAL – toward the surface
DEEP – away from the surface
DIRECTIONAL TERMS FOR
MUSCLES
ORIGIN – attachment of
muscle on a fixed point, closest
to midline
THIGH BONE (FEMUR)
L
E
G
B
O
N
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INSERTION – attachment
of muscle that is moveable,
farthest from midline.
Medial vs. Median
A median structure is one which is in the median
(midline) plane of the body (such as the sternum, the
umbilicus and the symphysis pubis).
The term medial is a relative term and must be used
to compare two structures; one structure being
medial or closer to the median plane of the body
than the other structure.
Hands and Feet:
Palmar or Volar means the anterior surface
or palm of the hand.
Plantar means the inferior surface or sole
of the foot.
Dorsum of the hand and foot refers to the
superior surface of the foot and posterior
surface of the hand.
Ipsilateral and Contralateral refer to the same or
opposite sides of the body, respectively.
Ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body,
e.g., the right arm and right leg are ipsilateral structures.
Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body;
e.g., the right arm and the left arm are contralateral structures.
Cardinal Body Planes
Cardinal Body Planes
Regional Terminology
Reference
Positions
Note the synonomous
pairs:
Dorsal : posterior
Ventral : anterior
Oxymoron?
Organization of the Human
Body
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The body is organized from the smallest part to the
largest part.
Chemical Level
- atoms, molecules
- carbohydrates, lipids, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
Cellular Level
-simplest structural unit
-basic unit of life
-smallest unit that can live on its own
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Tissue Level
- a group of cells with common origin,
structure, and function.
- cells within a tissue all work toward a
common goal (i.e.: movement, nutrition, etc.)
Organ Level
- a group of tissues that have a common
function.
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Organ System Level
- a group of organs with a special function.
- Digestive System, Nervous System, etc…
Organismal Level
- A group of organ systems that at some point
in time is capable of sustaining life.
- All organ systems work together in an
organism.
Human Body Plan
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1.
Vertebrates Have Some Common Features
Tube within a tube body plan
inner tube – mouth to anus
- respiratory organs
- digestive organs
outer tube – axial skeleton
- axial musulature
2.
Bilateral Symmetry
- left half of the body is a mirror image of the
right half.
- structures in the median plane are unpaired,
but have identical left and right sides.
3.
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
- develops into the brain and spinal cord.
4.
Notochord
- stiff rod just deep to the spinal cord.
- present in the embryo, but is replaced by
the vertebrae later in development.
5.
Segmentation
- repeating units of similar structures running
along the length of the trunk.
- examples include the ribs and intercostal
muscles and the vertebral column.
6.
Pharyngeal Pouches
- pharynx – outpouchings called pouches that
correspond to the clefts between the gills of a
fish.
- present in the embryo only.
Body Cavities and Membranes
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Dorsal Body Cavity
- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
- contains the viscera
- 2 divisions
1. thoracic cavity
a. Pleural cavity
b. Mediastinum
c. Pericardium
2. abdominal cavity
a. Abdomen
b. Pelvis
Serous Cavities
- 2 layers
parietal layer - outer walls of the cavity
visceral layer – inner layer covers the
visceral organs
water between the membranes is a watery
fluid
The abdomen is divided into four
quadrants which are further
subdivided into nine regions.
Each region is named for its
relationship with the umbilicus.
Clinically, each region is
associated with specific organs.