Transcript A&P Ch.1 DrDevsstudentcopy

ENJOY LIFE!
“Live life so completely that when
death comes to you like a thief in the
night, there will be nothing left for
him to steal.”
-unknown
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
• All the parts of an animal’s body are simply like
components to a machine.
• These components include:
–
–
–
–
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
• As future RVT’s it is your responsibility to
adequately understand this machine and how it
works in order to effectively care for it.
• We must be able to differentiate “normal” from
“abnormal”.
Anatomy and Physiology
• _______________-deals with the form
and structure of the body and its parts.
– What it looks like and where it is located
• ________________- deals with the
function of the body and its parts.
– How things work and what they do
Types of Anatomy
• __________________________anatomy of
structures so small that a microscope is required to
view them clearly.
• ________________________________anatomy
that deals with body parts large enough to be seen
with the unaided eye such as organs, muscles and
bones.
• ________________________________study of
individual areas or “regions” of the body.
• ________________________________study of
individual systems of the body.
• There may be overlap in some of these areas.
Main Body Systems
• _________________ bones and joints.
• ___________________ skin, hair, nails and
hooves.
• __________________- Central Nervous System
(CNS) and peripheral nerves.
• ___________________heart and blood vessels.
• ____________________ lungs and air
passageways.
• _____________________Gastrointestinal (GI)
tube and accessory digestive organs.
• ______________________ Skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth muscle.
• _____________________- Organs of general and
special sense
• ______________________-Endocrine glands and
hormones
• _____________________-Kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder, and urethra.
• _____________________Male and female
reproductive structures.
Terminology
• Why do we need specific anatomical
terminology?
• Anatomical terms are based on imaginary
slices, called planes through the animal
body that can be used as points or areas
of reference.
• Anatomical terms are also based on
directional terms that have opposite
meanings of one another.
The 4 anatomical planes of reference
Anatomical Planes of Reference
• The 4 anatomical planes of reference are:
1. Sagittal plane______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
____________________
2. Median plane (mid-sagittal plane)___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
________________
Anatomical Planes of Reference
3. Transverse plane_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Anatomical Planes of Reference
4. Dorsal Plane _________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Directional Terms
• Help to accurately and clearly describe
body structures regardless of position of
animal’s body.
• Terms generally occur in pairs and have
opposite meanings and are used to
describe relative positions of body parts.
Directional Terms
Direction
Individual’s left
Individual’s right
Toward the head end of the body
Toward the tip of the nose (head
only)
Toward the tail end of the body
Toward the back
Toward the belly
Toward the median plane
Away from the median plane
Toward the center (whole body or
part)
Toward the surface (whole body or
part)
Toward the body (extremity)
Away from the body (extremity)
“Back” of forelimb distal to carpus
“Back” of hindlimb distal to tarsus
“Front” of forelimb & hindlimb
distal to carpus & tarsus
Domestic Animal
Left
Right
Cranial
Rostral
Caudal
Dorsal
Ventral
Medial
Lateral
Deep (internal)
Superficial
(external)
Proximal
Distal
Palmar
Plantar
Dorsal
Human
Left
Right
Superior
Nasal
Inferior
Posterior
Anterior
Medial
Lateral
Deep (internal)
Superficial
(external)
Proximal
Distal
Palmar
Plantar
Anterior
Directional Terms Continued
• Left and right refer to animal’s left
and right.
• _________ and ________ refer to
the two ends of the animal.
• ____________ means towards the
nose and only describes positions or
directions on the head.
• __________ and __________ refer
to up and down or towards the back
and towards the belly. (humans use
posterior and anterior).
More Directional Terms
• _____________ and _____________ refer to
towards the midline or away from the midline
– RECALL: What is the name of the midline plane that
divides the body into equal right & left halves?
• Deep and Superficial refer to the position of
something relative to the center or surface of
the body.
– __________toward the center of the body (internal)
– ____________toward the surface of the body or a
body part (external).
More directional Terms
• _________ and _______describe
positions only on extremities relative
to other parts of the body.
______________-toward the body
______________- away from the body
Special Directional terms
• ___________-back surface of the carpus
(wrist).
• ____________ back surface of the hind
limb distal to the tarsus (ankle).
Describe this picture
And again
Rear paw of a dog – What surface
Is shown here?
Front paw of a dog - What
surface is shown here?
One more time
General Plan of the Animal Body
• ___________________________is the idea that left
and right halves of animal’s body are essentially mirror
images of one another.
– Where does this work?
– Where does this not work?
• Body Cavities- Animal’s have two main cavities
(spaces).
– 1.___________________ Contain brain and spinal cord (CNS)
• Subdivides into cranial and spinal cavities
– 2. __________________contains most of the soft organs
(viscera) of the body.
• Subdivides into thoracic and abdominal cavities
• What is visceral pleura? What is visceral peritoneum?
• What is parietal pleura? What is parietal peritoneum?
Levels of Organization
• Levels of Organization that make up
the body
–
–
–
–
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Levels of Organization Continued
• ___________- basic functional units of all life.
– Generally are specialized in nature
• ____________- when specialized cells group together to do the
same job.
– 4 basic tissue types:
• 1. ____________cells that cover body surfaces
• 2. ______________-holds body together and gives it support
– Can you give an example?
• 3. Muscle- moves body inside and out
– Skeletal
– Cardiac
– Smooth
• 4. ____________- transmits information around the body and
controls body functions.
• ______________- groups of tissue that work together for a
common purpose
• _______________-groups of organs that have a common set of
activities
Health
• The state of normal anatomy and
physiology.
• Maintaining health may be a difficult and
complicated process.
• All structures and functions in the body are
interrelated to produce optimal health.
Homeostasis
• The maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium
in the body.
– Active balance of all of the structures, systems
and functions of the body
– All parts are inter-related and balanced
– Blood pressure, acid-base balance, oxygen
levels