Transcript m5zn_3242a1038cecd5d

Essentials Of The Human Anatomy
By
Ph.D.Alsayed Aly Mahran
Anatomy is the study of the structure and
function of the body.
The three main approaches to studying
anatomy are regional, systemic, and
clinicalanatomy.
Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy);
is the method of studying the body by
regions, such as the thorax and abdomen.
Systemic anatomy ;is the method of studying
the body by systems, for example, the
circulatory and reproductive systems.
Clinical anatomy ;is the study of the
structure and function as they relate to
the practice of medicine and other health
sciences
Anatomical position:
All descriptions of the human body are
based on the assumption that the person
is standing erect, with
Anatomical position:
Head, eyes, and nose •
directed anteriorly (forward)
• Upper limbs by the sides
with the palms facing anteriorly
• Lower limbs together with
the feet directed anteriorly.
This position is called the
anatomical position .
Anatomical position
Terms Related to
Position:
Anatomical Planes:
Median sagittal
plane.
Paramedian Planes
Coronal plane.
Horizontal
(transverse)
plane.
Body planes
Anatomical Planes:
Anatomical descriptions are based on four
imaginary planes (median sagittal, parasittal
coronal, and horizontal) that pass through the
body in the anatomical position
Median sagittal plane; is a vertical plane passing
longitudinally through the body dividing it into
right and left halves.
Anatomical Planes (cont.):
Paramedian Planes; is a vertical plane situated to
one side of the median plane and parallel to it are
termed
Coronal plane; is a vertical plane passing
through the body at right angles to the median
plane, dividing it into anterior (front) and
posterior (back) portions.
Horizontal (transverse) plane; is a planes
passing through the body at right angles to the
median and coronal planes. A horizontal plane
divides the body into superior (upper) and
inferior (lower portions.
Anatomical sections :
These sections provide views of the body as if cut
or sectioned along particular planes. They
include:
 Longitudinal sections; run lengthwise in the
long axis of the body or any of its parts,
Transverse sections, or cross sections; run
transversely in the body or its parts at right
angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or any
of its parts
 Oblique sections; run obliquely in the body or
any of its parts.( that are not cut along one of the
previously mentioned anatomical planes).
Anatomical sections :
Transverse
Longitudinal section
Oblique section
section Anatomical sections (of lower limb).
Medial; is a term that is used to indicate
that a structure situated nearer to the
median plane of the body.
Lateral; is a term that is used to indicate
that a structure situated farther away from
the median plane.
Superficial; is a term that is used to
indicate that a structure situated nearer to
the surface of the body.
Anatomic terms used in relation to position
Terms related to position (cont.):
Deep; is a term that is used to indicate that a
structure situated farther away from the
surface of the body.
Posterior; denotes the back surface of the body
or nearer to the back
Anterior ;denotes the front surface of the body.
Superior; refers to a structure that is nearer the
vertex,
Inferior; refers to a structure that is situated
nearer the soles of the feet
Terms related to position (cont.):
Proximal; means that the segment of the limbs
(upper or lower) is nearer to the trunk.
Distal; means that the segment of the limbs
(upper or lower) is far from the trunk.
 Sole; indicates the inferior aspect or bottom of
the foot,
 much of which is in contact with the ground
when standing
Palm; refers to the flat of the hand
Terms related to position (cont.):
Internal and external ;are the terms used to
describe the relative distance of a structure
from the center of an organ or cavity; for
example, the internal carotid artery is found
inside the cranial cavity and the external
carotid artery is found outside the cranial
cavity.
Ipsilateral; refers to the same side of the
body; for example, the left hand and left foot
are ipsilateral,
Terms related to position (cont.):
Contralateral; refers to opposite sides of
the body; for example, the left biceps
brachii muscle and the right rectus femoris
muscle are contralateral.
Supine position; of the body is lying on the
back.
prone position; of the body is lying with
the face downward
Terms related to movement):
Movements take place at joints where two or more bones
or cartilages articulate with one another.
 Flexion; indicates bending of the joint or decreasing the
angle between the bones or parts o f the body.
 Dorsiflexion ; lifting the toes off the ground (e.g., when
wakening)
 Plantarflexion ;,turns the foot or toes toward the
plantar surface (e.g., when standing on the ground)
 Extension; indicates straightening of the joint or
increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the
body.
Some anatomic terms used in relation to movement.
Terms related to movement (cont.):
Abduction; of a limb is the movement away
from the mid-line of the body in the coronal
plane .
Adduction; of a limb is the movement toward
the body in the coronal plane .
Medial rotation; (internal rotation) brings the
anterior surface of a limb closer to the median
plane, whereas
lateral rotation; (external rotation) takes the
anterior surface away from the median plane.
 Pronation; is a medial rotation of the forearm
in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces
posteriorly .
Some anatomic terms used in relation to movement.
Terms related to movement (cont.):
Supination; is a lateral rotation of the
forearm from the pronated position so that
the palm of the hand comes to face
anteriorly .
Circumduction; is the combination in
sequence of the movements of flexion,
extension, abduction, and adduction.
Protraction; is to move forward, while,
Terms related to movement (cont.):
Retraction; is to move backward (used to
describe the forward and backward
movement of the mandible at the
temporomandibular joints).
Opposition; is the movement by which the
pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to
another digit pad. We use this movement
to pinch, button a shirt.
Some anatomic terms used in relation to movement.
Terms related to movement (cont.):
Inversion; is the movement of the foot so that
the sole facts in a medial direction.
Eversion; is the opposite movement of the foot
so that the sole faces in a lateral direction
Elevation; is the raises or moves a part
superiorly, as in deviating the shoulders when
shrugging.
Depression; is the lowers or moves a part
inferiorly, as in depressing the shoulders when
standing at case.
Some anatomic terms used in relation to movement.
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