Transcript 1-Week 1-121

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We welcome you to the Anatomy Department at
KKUH. We are genuinely delighted to have you join
us. During the 1st & 2nd year studentship, you will
only get a small glimpse into the world of
Anatomy. Nevertheless, through this experience, we
expect that you will acquire fundamental skills,
reinforce and expand your knowledge, and develop
personally and professionally. We hope that this
experience drives you to learn more and experience
more of what Anatomy has to offer.
We wish you the most exciting, stimulating, rewarding,
and transforming experience over the upcoming
period of time.
The Chairman
Dr. Musaed Alfayez
Ph.D. Glasgow UK
MBBS PhD Japan
Assistant Professor
What is anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the
body with relation to each other. Derived
from the Greek to cut up: the Latin 'to cut
up' gives us dissect.
Subdivisions
Under the general heading of anatomy are several subdivisions.
Embryology examines development of adult structure from
fertilised ovum
Cytology deals with the structure of individual cells
Histology deals with aggregations of cells, tissues, or
aggregations of tissues, organs
Neuroanatomy deals with the elaborate brain & connections of
nerve cells
Gross anatomy deals with those structures that can be seen
without a microscope.
Approaches to Studying Anatomy
1-Regional Anatomy
Head, Neck, and Trunk
(Thorax, abdomen, back & pelvic/perineum)
Paired Upper & Lower Limbs
2-Systemic Anatomy
3- Surface Anatomy
4-Clinical Anatomy
It is appropriate that the subject (human or animal)
be studied in the standard anatomical position.
This standard position is referred as:
This is typically a posture similar to that seen during life.
The anatomical position is defined as:
the body is considered as standing
erect, feet together and toes
pointed forward, arms at the sides
and palms facing forward
The various parts of the body are described in relation to certain imaginary
planes these are.
MEDIAN (or midsagittal)
separates body into two
equal Right and Left parts
SAGITTAL
any plane parallel to the
median plane
HORIZONTAL or Transverse
separates the body into
Superior and Inferior parts
FRONTAL (or coronal)
separates the body into
Anterior and Posterior parts
Terms of Position
Cranial/rostral
Caudal
Ventral
Dorsal
Anterior
Posterior
Superior
Inferior
Proximal
Distal
Medial
Lateral
Superficial
Intermediate
Deep
Internal
External
Supine
Prone
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Bilateral
= head end
= tail end
= toward front
= toward back
= front of the body
= back of the body
= situated above another structure
= situated below another structure
= toward the origin of a structure
= away from the origin of a structure
= toward the middle (median plane)
= away from medial
= towards the surface
= between the two structures
= away from the surface
= Toward the center of an organ or cavity
= Away from the center of an organ or cavity
= the body is lying on the back
= the body is lying face downward
= Same side of the body
= opposite side of the body
= both sides of the body
Terms of Movement
flexion
extension
increasing angle with frontal plane
decreasing angle with frontal plane
abduction
adduction
moving away from or toward the sagittal plane
protraction
retraction
moving forward or backward along a surface
elevation
depression
raising or lowering a structure
medial
rotation
lateral
rotation
movement around an axis of a bone
pronation
supination
placing palm backward or forward (in anatomical
position)
circumduction
combined movements of flexion,
extension, abduction, adduction
medial and lateral rotation
circumscribe a cone
opposition
reposition
bringing tips of fingers and thumb together
as in picking something up
Opposite of above movement
Terms of Movement
flexion of the entire foot
Dorsiflexion - flexion of the entire foot
superiorly, or upwards as when
decelerating in an automibile.
Plantar flexion - Flexion of the entire
foot inferiorly, or downwards as when
accelerating in an automobile.
movement of the sole of the foot
Eversion - the movement of the sole
of the foot away from the median
plane.
Inversion - the movement of the sole
towards the median plane (same as
when an ankle is twisted).
Body Cavities
Ventral Cavity
occupied by the abdominal and perineal
a. Thoracic Cavity
b. Abdominopelvic Cavity
i. Abdominal
ii. Pelvic
Dorsal Cavity
occupied by the brain and spinal cord
a. Cranial Cavity
b. Spinal Cavity