Transcript 幻灯片 1

Human
Systematic
Anatomy
Xiaoming Zhang
2007-09
For foreign students of Medical School of Zhejiang University
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Introduction
I. Definition of anatomy
Anatomy is the science dealing with the
gross morphology and spatial interrelations
of structures of the body.
For the medical students, human anatomy
is the basic course of the preclinical and clinical
curriculum.
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II. Divisions of anatomy
from different method and purpose of study.
A. Gross Anatomy
It is the study of macroscopic or gross
structure visible to the naked eye.
Systematic anatomy; Regional anatomy.
B. Microscopic Anatomy (histology)
It is the study of minute structures requiring
the use of the microscope.
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C. Developmental Anatomy (embryology)
It is the study of the development of the
body from its beginning (fertilized ovum ) to maturity.
D. Applied Anatomy
( Practical or Surgical Anatomy )
It is usually concerned with observations of
human structures which are useful in medicine,
especially in the surgical technique, but also in
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clinical diagnosis.
III. General structure of human body
A. Cells:
A body consists of innumerable cells.
B. Tissue:
— epithelial tissue
— connective tissue
— muscular tissue
— nervous tissue
C. Organs and structures
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D. Systems: 9 systems
— locomotor system：
bones; joints; muscles
— alimentary system
— respiratory system
— urinary system
— genital (reproductive) system
— circulatory system:
cardiovascular system; lymphatic system;
— endocrine system
— nervous system
— sense organs
E. Human body
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IV. Anatomical terminology
A. Anatomical position
For the purpose of description of various
parts of body and their location, a body is assumed
to be in erect position.
It is essential to learn the anatomical position
because most of the directional terminology used
in anatomy refers to the body in this position.
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— Anatomical position
• the face and toes directed forward；
• the eyes straight forward；
• the heels and toes get together;
• the upper limbs hang by the side
of body and the palms of the
hands face forward.
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B. The relational planes
and sections:
1. For whole body
a) sagittal plane
a vertical plane which divides
body into left and right parts.
* median (midsagittal) plane
right and left parts are equal.
b) Coronal (frontal) plane
a vertical plane, which divides body
into anterior and posterior parts.
c) Horizontal (transverse) plane
it is at right angle to both sagittal and Coronal planes
and divides body into superior and inferior parts.
2.
For organ: longitudinal and transverse planes
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C. Axises
vertical axis;
sagittal axis;
coronal axis.
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D. The terms of direction
Anterior —— posterior
(ventral —— dorsal)
Medial —— lateral
(ulnar —— radial)
(tibial —— fibular)
Superior —— inferior
(cranial —— caudal)
Proximal —— distal
Internal —— external
Superficial —— deep
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