Transcript Body Systems

Body Systems
Allied Health Science I
Melissa Lewis
Anatomy vs. Physiology
Anatomy: studies the shape &
structure of an organism’s body and the
relationship of one body part to another
Physiology: studies function of each
body part and how the functions of the
body parts coordinate to form a
complete living organism
Subdivisions of
Anatomy:
Gross anatomy: study of large & easily
observable structures on organism
Microscopic anatomy: gross anatomy at
the cellular level using a microscope
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Cytology-study of cells
Histology-study of tissues/organs
Developmental anatomy: studies growth &
development during lifetime
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Embryology-studies formation of organism from
egg to birth
Subdivisions of
Anatomy:
Comparative anatomy: studies man and
other animals and comparisons are made
(similarities and differences)
Systemic anatomy: studies structure and
function of various organs or parts making up
an organ system
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Dermatology-study of integumentary sytem (skin,
hair, and nails)
Neurology-study of nervous system
Direction/Position:
***Anatomical Position – human
standing erect, face forward, arms at
side, palms forward***
Anterior/ventral: front or in front of
Posterior/dorsal: back or in back of
Cranial: head end of the body
Caudal: tail end of the body
Direction/Position:
Superior: upper or above
Inferior: lower or below
Medial: toward the midline of body
Lateral: away or towards side of body
Proximal: toward point of attachment
Distal: away from point of attachment
(farthest from trunk)
Direction/Position:
Superficial/external: implies on or
near surface of body (ex.superficial
wound)
Deep/internal: implies injury to inner
organs such as stomach, liver, etc.
Planes & Sections:
Planes: imaginary dividing lines that are
useful in separating body structures
Section: cut made through body in the
direction of a certain plane
***Sagittal plane: divides body into right and
left parts
***Coronal (frontal) plane: vertical cut at
right angles to sagittal plane. Divides body
into anterior & posterior (front & back)
***Transverse: horizontal cut that divides
body into upper and lower parts
Cavities
Organs which make up most of the body
systems are organized into 2 cavities and 4
sub-cavities
Dorsal/posterior cavity (Cranial & spinal
sub-cavities)
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Cranial cavity houses brain
Spinal cavity houses spinal cord
Anterior/ventral cavity (Thoracic &
abdominopelvic sub-cavities)
The diaphragm divides ventral cavity into
upper thoracic and lower abdominopelvic
Thoracic Cavity
Central area is mediastinum
***Esophagus, bronchi, lungs, trachea,
thymus gland and heart located in this
cavity
Heart is also in pericardial cavity
This cavity is broken into right and left pleural
(lung) cavities
Lungs are lined by a membrane called pleura
Abdominopelvic Cavity
***Abdominal cavity contains stomach,
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen,
small intestine, appendix, and part of
large intestine
***Pelvic cavity contains urinary
bladder, reproductive organs, rectum,
the rest of the large intestines, and
appendix
See handouts for
diagrams here
Order from Simple to
Complex
Cells
Tissues-special cells grouped according
to function, shape, size, & structure
Organs
Organ systems
Whole

Ex. Digestive system made up of teeth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Body Processes
1. Metabolism: functional activities of cells
that result in growth, repair, energy release,
use of food, & secretions
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A. Anabolism: building up of complex materials
from simpler ones
B. Catabolism: breaking down of complex
substances into simpler ones
2. Homeostasis: maintenance of human
body functions (a state of balance)
Types of Tissues
1. Epithelial-protects body by covering
internal/external surfaces. They produce
secretions (digestive juices).
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Shape=columnar, cubical, platelike
They fit smoothly together
2. Connective-supports and connects
3. Muscle-can contract and move body
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Shape=long and spindle-like
4. Nervous-contains cells that react to
stimuli & conduct impulses
Membranes
Membrane: two layers of
tissue put together
Epithelial
Connective
Epithelial Membranes
Epithelial membranes are classified as
mucous or serous depending on the
type of secretions that they produce
Mucous
 Serous
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Mucous vs. Serous
Mucous membranes line surfaces that lead
to the outside of the body
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Ex. Respiratory system, digestive system
Mucous that is produced protects the lining
Serous Membranes: double-walled and
produce a watery fluid and lines closed body
cavities
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Outer wall of membrane = parietal serous
membrane
Ex. Pleural membrane, pericardial membrane,
peritoneal membrane
Process of Epithelial
Tissue Repair
2 types of repair
Primary
 Secondary
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Primary: takes place in clean wounds
(cut/incision with no infection)
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The new cells grow and push themselves
up toward the surface of skin and healing
occurs quickly
Primary Repair cont…
If large area of skin involved, fluid will
leak from broken capillaries
This fluid dries and seals off the wound
(scab forms)
 New cells will grow and cover area
 Skin graft may be necessary if area is very
large
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Primary Repair of Deep
Tissues
When there is damage to deep tissues,
the edges of wound must be brought
together with sutures (stitches)
Secondary Repair
A process called granulation occurs in
a large open wound with small or large
tissue loss
The granulation process will form new
vertically upstanding blood vessels
These new blood vessels are
surrounded by young connective tissue
and misc. wandering cells
Secondary Repair cont…
Fluid is secreted during this process
This fluid has very strong bactericidal
properties (it kills bacteria)
This reduces the risk of infection
Scar tissue will form
The amount of scar (cicatrix) depends
on the amount of damage
Nutrition
Extremely important in
wound healing
Vitamins that help
healing
Vitamin A – repairs epithelial tissue
Vitamin B (thiamine, nicotinic acid, riboflavin) –
promotes appetite, metabolism, pain relief (general
well-being
Vitamin C – helps form and maintain collagen fibers
and other connective substances
Vitamin D – Needed for absorption of calcium from
intestine, helps repair bone fractures
Vitamin K – helps with blood coagulation (clotting)
Vitamin E – helps with healing of tissues by acting as
an antioxidant protector
THE END!!!