Transcript Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to human
The study of the:
form and function
(anatomy)
(physiology)
of the human body.
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Why study Anatomy and Physiology?
To get answers to questions like:
- Can your lifestyle choices at age 16 affect your body at 60?
- Can dietary habits as a young adult reduce your risk of
having diabetes and coronary heart disease later in life?
- Can you prevent osteoporosis as you age by maximizing
bone density in your teenage years?
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A history of:
In their unending quest for
knowledge, Greek philosophers in
the 5th century BC were the first to
study living creatures, from plants
and insects to humans.
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Alcmaeon (ca. 500 B.C.) from the Greek
colony of Cortona, Italy, is the first
known scientist to use some form of
dissection in his research. He is also
credited as proposing the brain as the
center of intelligence.
Empedocles (490-430 B.C) from Sicily, believed the
heart distributed life-giving heat to the body, and the
idea that a substance called pneuma, flowed through
the blood vessels.
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Anatomical inferences, however without
dissection, continued in Greece and its
colonies with Hippocrates (460-377 B.C),
who is known as the Father of Medicine.
Not until Aristotle (384-322 B.C) did physicians begin to
dissect animals carefully enough to deduce the barest
essentials of human anatomy. He corrected many errors of
his predecessors, but since he was mainly a philosopher
and not a physician, he depended on logical deduction
rather than observation and experimentation.
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As Greek influence declined on the
mainland, Alexandria in Egypt became the
center of transplanted Greek culture. It is
here where the seeds of modern anatomy
were first planted.
Herophilus (ca. 335-280 B.C), and
Erasistratus (ca. 310-250 B.C), surgeons
from Alexandrian, used vivisection on
criminals to advance their knowledge of the
human body.
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Galen (A.D 129-199), the greatest ancient physician
since Hippocrates, studied dissections of apes, and
pigs. He also studied the wounds of roman gladiators.
His findings and theories formed the basis of all
medieval science.
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After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Dark Ages were
barren of any real scientific investigation. It was not until
the 12th and 13th centuries science began a reawakening.
The first true university was founded in Bologna in the 12th
century with a medical faculty there by 1156.
By the end of the 13th century, a demand for accurate
information greatly increased and medical dissection of
human corpses began in earnest. However, anatomists still
revered the outdated notions of Aristotle and Galen.
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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519),
brought a more scientific attitude
to the study of the human body
during his time. Artists, rather
than scientists, revealed new
aspects of human anatomy.
Leonardo produced hundreds of
anatomical drawings made from
dissections.
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Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564),
in 1543, published his seven-volume
De humani corporis fabrica (On the
Structure of the Human Body), using text
and drawings from dissections, he set
anatomy on a new course toward the
scientific method.
(side note:
The same year of publication, 1543, astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus(14731543) published his view that the earth revolved around a stationary sun.)
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William Harvey (1578-1657), In 1628 published an
Anatomical Treatise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood
in Animals. In it he described, for the first time, how
contractions of the heart pump blood which circulates
throughout the body, and returns to the heart. This was
breakthrough that helped overcome the primitive ideas of
Aristotle and Galen once and for all.
Harvey was one of the first to use the
scientific method in his research.
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Much of modern anatomy today is associated with
the publication: “Grey’s Anatomy”, originally
published by the English surgeon Sir Henry Gray
in 1858. Since the original, it has had several
different authors and is updated to its 30th edition
(37th edition in the UK).
Advances in radiology in the 20th century have allowed
scientists and researchers to study physiology alongside
anatomy. Breakthroughs such as CAT and PET scanners,
and MRI’s allow physicians to “see” into the body without
surgery.
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Alcmaeon (ca. 500 B.C.) - - - - - - first to use dissection, brain center of intelligence
Empedocles (490-430 B.C) - - - - - - - - - - - - - heart distributes heat through vessels
Hippocrates (460-377 B.C) - - - - - - - - - - who is known as the Father of Medicine
Aristotle (384-322 B.C) - - - - - - philosopher, logical deduction no experimentation
Herophilus and Erasistratus (ca. 335-250 B.C) - - - human dissection on criminals
Galen (A.D 129-199) - - - - - - - - findings and theories form all of medieval science
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - - - - - - - - - - - art work based on human anatomy
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) - - - - - - anatomical drawings made from dissections
William Harvey (1578-1657) - - - - - - - - - - - - -breakthrough on human circulation
Sir Henry Gray (1858) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - publishes Gray’s Anatomy
20th Century Radiology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CAT, PET & MRI imaging
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Chapter 1:
Foundations of Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Section 1.1 The Language of Anatomy and Physiology
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1.1 The Language of Anatomy and
Physiology
Learning Objectives:
1. Define Anatomy and Physiology and the relationship between
the them.
2. Describe Anatomical position and why it is useful.
3. Identify the planes of the body. How are they useful in
describing body movements?
4. Identify major body cavities and the organs they house.
5. Why the metric system?
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A.
Introducing Anatomy and
Physiology
Anatomy – Greek ana- 'up' + tomia 'cutting' “to cut up/apart”
concentrates on the structures of the body – what they look like
- gross anatomy = structures seen with unaided eye
- microscopic anatomy = structures seen with microscope
Physiology - Greek phusiologia 'natural philosophy' study of
how living things function.
Why study together?
Form fits function
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B. Describing the Human Body
1. Starting point:
Called the “Anatomical Position”
Standing, feet slightly apart,
face, shoulders and palms facing
forward.
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B. Describing the Human Body
2. Planes:
a. Frontal plane (coronal)
- bisects the body front and back
- sideways movements
b. Sagittal plane (median)
- bisects the body left and right
- front and back movements
c. Transverse plane (axial/horizontal)
- bisects the body top and bottom
- rotational movements
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B. Describing the Human Body (Planes)
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B. Describing the Human Body
3. Directions – relations between body parts:
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B. Describing the Human Body
4. Cavities – the human body has open chambers
that hold internal organs
Posterior (dorsal) body cavity
- cranial cavity houses the brain, protected by skull
+ oral cavity (mouth)
+ nasal cavity (nose)
+ orbital cavities (eyes)
+ middle ear cavities (sound)
- spinal cavity houses the spinal cord, protected by
spinal column
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(Cavities continued)
Anterior (ventral) body cavity
- thoracic cavity houses mainly the heart and lungs
- abdominopelvic cavity
+ abdominal cavity houses stomach,
intestinal tract, liver and other organs
+ pelvic cavity houses excretory and
reproductive organs
The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by
a muscle called the diaphragm.
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Body Cavities
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C. The Metric System
Originated 1790’s France at the request of the
King to his Academy of Sciences
1875 Treaty of the Meter – 17 countries agreed to use
Worldwide popularity:
- only 4 base units
- base units are precisely defined, reproducible,
and independent of factors (gravity)
- all units (except time) are base 10
- system is internationally accepted
(only 3 do not: U. S., Liberia and Myanmar)
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