Transcript Drugs Affecting the Skin Drugs & the Respiratory System

Drugs Affecting the Skin
Drugs & the Respiratory System
----- Chapter 9: “Drugs that Affect the Skin and Mucous Membranes” p 71-80
Chapter 10: “Drugs that Affect the Respiratory System” p 81-87
)
the SKIN … a definition
 Very
complex structure (the body’s largest ORGAN)
 MANY
CRITICAL FUNCTIONS including:
*Regulating body-temperature
*Electrolyte/water balance
*Protection (our outer shield!)
*Vitamin-D … ‘sunshine vitamin’
Drugs to treat SKIN disorders
 LOCAL
effect – works on the skin itself
 SYSTEMIC
effect – must be absorbed
for example …

emollients – soothe the skin, work locally (Vaseline, lanolin)

Accutane (isotretinoin) capsules – swallowed and absorbed into
the bloodstream … delivered to site-of-action (‘SYSTEMIC’)
SOOTHING agents
 abrasions,
irritations – protects/reduces itching
Emollients – fatty, oily substances (vaseline)
-used as vehicles for fat-soluble drugs
Demulcents – antidote for corrosive poisons
Astringents (tightens pores)
 Stop
minor bleeding – styptic pencil
 Reduce
excessive perspiration
 Reduce
inflammation
 Toughen
skin
 promote
healing
 Counter
irritants – relieves deep pain in
muscles/joints (Absorbine Jr., Banalg)
 Rubifacients
 Vesicants
– feeling of ‘warmth’ (BenGay)
– strong irritation, even blisters if
overused
Examples: camphor, menthol, wintergreen
Keratolytics
 Cause
‘sloughing’ of hardened-skin
 Callus
& Wart removal
 Examples
… benzoic acid
… salicylic acid
… lactic acid
Local Anesthetics
numbing agents, causing loss of sensation
sunburn - insect bites - hemorrhoids
either applied or Injected locally
*procaine *dibucaine *benzocaine
Topical ANTIFUNGALS
 Fungal
 Feet,
skin infxn common @ warm/moist areas
underarms, ‘bra-line’, perineal area
 Creams
– Lotrimin, Lamisil
 Moisture
 Tablets
barriers – diaper rash tx
(Rx only) – liver stress
Anti-INFECTIVE agents
 Antibacterial
 To
and/or Germicidal
‘disinfect’ skin, medical instruments
 Alcohol
- ethyl & isopropyl(x2)
 Povidone-iodine
 Hydrogen
(Betadine solution/scrub)
peroxide – dead tissue, pus removal
WOUND CARE
Bed sores - pressure ulcers – burns
Goal
of treatment is 3-fold: Debridement (removal of dead tissue to
control bacterial growth) –maintaining a
moist wound environment –keeping
intact skin dry
WOUND CARE continued
Bactroban
(mupirocin) – antibiotic oint
and cream to TREAT (cure) infxn
cream – 2nd/3rd degree burns to
PREVENT infection
Silvadene
ACNE defined
 INFLAMMATORY
 adolescents
eruption of the skin (scarring)
AND adults
 Aggravating
factors: *oily cosmetics/styling gels
(clog pores) … use hypoallergenic, water-based
 Dietary
theories – suspected, NOT PROVEN
ACNE preparations
CLEANSING
agents – 2x/day mild soap
(Dove/Neutrogena) and Astringents
(drying agent … StriDex, Clearasil)
Retin-A
cream, Differin, Cleocin topically
Accutane
capsule orally --- WARNINGS !
CORTICOSTEROIDS (table 18-2)
 Use
lowest possible potency
 Anti-inflammatory,
antipruritic (anti-itch), and
vasoconstrictive properties
 Possible
adverse effects: *skin atrophy
*depigmentation *adrenal suppression
Chap 10
 oxygen
RESPIRATORY system
IN (supplies tissues)
 carbon-dioxide
OUT (accumulation is toxic)
BODY-TEMPERATURE regulation
 Lung
Inflammation (wheezing, breathlessness)
- due to injury or abnormal stimulation
Respiratory drugs acting in the BRAIN
 STIMULANTS
(carbon dioxide, doxapram) ..…
stimulates breathing
 Respiratory
DEPRESSANTS …undesirable side-effect!
 The
opium group – morphine, codeine
 The
barbiturate group – phenobarbital, secobarbital
Drugs affecting Respiratory Tract’s LINING
 known
as the MUCOUS MEMBRANE
 Improvement
of cough (expectorants) – such as
thinning of mucous
 Relief
of cough (cough suppressants) – dulling
cough-reflex
ASTHMA
 Chronic
INFLAMMATORY airway disease
 Obstructs
airflow into the lungs
 Asthma-attacks
can be ‘triggered’ by …
*allergens *environmental changes *physical
excercise
Physical features of ASTHMA …

AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION

EDEMA
 BRONCHOCONSTRICTION

EXCESSIVE MUCUS PRODUCTION

AIRWAY INFLAMMATION

AIRWAY HYPERACTIVITY
(narrowing of bronchioles)
Environmental control (prevention) of
ASTHMA attack
 In
order to MINIMIZE asthma attacks
 …eliminate
levels of
---------------------- SMOKE
---------------------------- PET DANDER
------------------------------------ POLLEN and DUST
BRONCHODILATORS
Usually
by inhalation (aerosol, nebulizer)
Dilates/widens
the bronchioles (air sacs)
in the lungs by relaxing smooth-muscle
Oral-tablets
 See
– increased side-effects
pages 83 - 85
Inhaled Corticosteroids
 Reduced
inflammation of the lungs’ lining
(mucous membrane surface)
 Combined
 Thins,
with Bronchodilators
breaks up mucus/phlegm … allows it to
be ‘coughed up’

Page 85
Other misc Respiratory agents
 Mucomyst
(acetylcysteine)
-- liquifies mucus, allowing it to drain
 Intal
(cromolyn sodium)
-- useful in prevention of asthma-attacks
So long!!!