Transcript Chapter Three - cloudfront.net

Chapter Three
Planting
Colonies in
North America,
1588-1701
Part One
Introduction
Chapter Focus Questions
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How did the planting of colonies by European
nations compare?
What characterized the English and
Algonquian colonial encounter in the
Chesapeake?
What role did religious dissent play in the
planting of the New England colonies?
What characterized the founding of the
proprietary colonies?
What characterized Indian warfare and
internal conflict at the end of the
seventeenth century?
Part Two
Communities Struggle with
Diversity in SeventeenthCentury Santa Fe
The Pueblo Indians and the Spanish
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In Santa Fe, the Pueblos clashed with Spanish
authorities over religious practices.
In 1680, Pope, a Pueblo priest, led a successful
revolt that temporarily ended Spanish rule.
In 1692, Spanish regained control, loosening
religious restrictions.
Pueblos observed Catholicism in churches and
missionaries tolerated traditional practices away
from the mission
Part Three
Spain and Its Competitors
in North America
New Mexico
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Map: New Mexico in the Seventeenth Century
Spanish came to Rio Grande valley in 1598 on a
quest to find gold and save souls.
 Brutally put down Indian resistance
Colony of New Mexico centered around Santa Fe.
Pueblos, Acomas, Zunis, and Hopis resisted
Christianity.
The Spanish depended on forced Indian labor for
modest farming and sheep raising.
New France
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Map: New France in the Seventeenth Century
In 1605, French set up an outpost on the Bay of
Fundy to monopolize fur trade.
Samuel de Champlain was leader and allied with
Hurons against Iroquois.
To exploit fur trade, French lived throughout region.
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Only French Catholics were permitted
Quebec City was administrative center of vast French
colonial empire.
French had society of inclusion, intermarried with
Indians.
 Formed alliances with Indians rather than
conquering
 Missionaries attempted to learn more about Indian
customs
New Netherland
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Upon achieving independence, the United
Provinces of the Netherlands developed a
global commercial empire.
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Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West
India Company
In present-day New York, the Dutch
established settlements, Dutch opened trade
with the Iroquois.
Iroquois, through warfare, became the
important middlemen of the fur trade with
the Dutch.
Part Four
England in the
Chesapeake
Jamestown and the Powhatan
Confederacy
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King James I issued royal charters to establish
colonies.
In 1607, Virginia Company founded Jamestown
colony.
Jamestown colonists saw themselves as
conquistadors and were unable to support
themselves.
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Depended on supplies and new colonists from England
Algonquian people numbered about 14,000 and a
powerful confederacy headed by Powhatan
confronted the English.
Seeking trade, Powhatans supplied starving colonists
with food, but soon abandoned that policy.
Warfare ensued until one of Powhatan’s daughters
(Pocahontas) was held captive.
Tobacco, Expansion and, Warfare
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The English planting of tobacco supplied cash crop,
stimulating migration.
Tobacco plantations dominated the economy.
Choosing to populate Virginia with English families,
the area became a territory of exclusion.
 The colony grew without having to rely on Indian
intermarriage thus pushing the Indians off of their
land.
 Disease claimed many English settlers.
Conflicts between Algonquians and English occurred
from 1622-1632 and again in 1644
Defeat in 1644 was the last Indian resistance by the
Powhatan Confederacy.
Maryland
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In 1632, King Charles I granted ten
million acres at the north end of the
Chesapeake Bay to the Calvert family, the
Lords Baltimore.
Maryland was a “proprietary colony” and
because the Calverts were Catholic they
encouraged others of the same faith to
migrate to America.
The economy was based on tobacco
plantations.
Indentured Servants
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Three-quarters of English migrants to the
Chesapeake arrived as indentured servants
who exchanged passage in return for two to
seven years of labor.
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Servants were usually young, unskilled males
Masters were expected to feed, clothe, and house
them
The first African slaves came to the
Chesapeake in 1619 but were more
expensive than servants.
In terms of treatment, there was little
difference between indentured labor and
slavery.
Community Life in the Chesapeake
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Women fared better in the Chesapeake than
men.
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They were fewer in number, suffered lower
mortality rates, and many women became widows
and through remarriage accumulated wealth.
High mortality rates meant families were
small and kinship bonds were weak.
Little local community life developed and
close ties with England were maintained
Part Five
The New England Colonies
The Social and Political Values of
Puritanism
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English followers of John Calvin were called
Puritans because they wanted to purify and
reform the English church.
Because of Calvinist emphasis on enterprise,
Puritanism appealed most to merchants,
entrepreneurs, and commercial farmers.
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Persecution of the Puritans and disputes
between the kings of England and
Parliament provided context for migration of
Puritans to New England.
Early Contacts in New England
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Map: European Colonies of the Atlantic Coast
French and Dutch established trade
connections with Algonquians in region.
From 1616 to 1618, a disease epidemic
wiped out whole villages and disrupted
trade.
Native population dropped from an
estimated 120,000 to under 70,000.
The remaining Indians societies on the
Atlantic coast were too weak to resist the
planting of English colonies.
Plymouth Colony and the Mayflower
Compact
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The first English colony in New England was
founded by Separatists, better known as the
Pilgrims.
Separatists believed they needed to found
independent congregations to separate themselves
from the corrupt English church.
In 1620, they sailed for American and signed the
Mayflower Compact, the first document of selfgovernment in America, before landing at
Plymouth.
With help from the Indians, the Plymouth colony
eventually established a community of selfsufficient farms.
The Massachusetts Bay Colony
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In 1629, a group of wealthy Puritans was granted a
royal charter to found the Massachusetts Bay
Colony.
Led by John Winthrop, the Puritan exodus from
England became known as the Great Migration.
 Between 1629 and 1643, approximately 20,000
people relocated to Massachusetts.
Most colonists arrived as families or in groups.
Massachusetts was governed locally by a governor
and elected representatives.
This was the origin of democratic suffrage and
bicameral division of legislative authority
Indians and Puritans
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Unlike the French and Dutch, the primary
interest of the English was acquiring land.
Disease had depopulated parts of New
England making it seem there was open
land.
The English used a variety of tactics to
pressure native leaders into relinquishing
their lands.
The English and their Narragansett allies
defeated the Pequots, who were allies of the
Dutch.
The New England Merchants
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Initially, the New England economy was based on
sales of land and supplies to migrants.
 The Great Migration ceased following the English Civil
War in which Puritans were on the victorious side.
 New England needed to diversify its economy in order
to survive.
New England merchants developed diversified trade of
fish, farm products, and lumber.
By the 1660s, the New England commercial fleet
included 300 fishing and trading ships that sailed from
the Americas to Africa and England.
Community and Family in
Massachusetts
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The close-knit, well-ordered families and
communities of New England were not
"puritanical" as the word is used today.
The family was the basis of the economy
with labor divided along gender lines.
Settlers clustered near the town center,
building churches and schools.
Society was male-dominated and women
were mistrusted as shown by various
witchcraft scares.
Dissent and New Communities
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Puritans emigrated for religious freedom but
were not tolerant of other religious viewpoints.
In 1636, when Thomas Hooker disagreed with
church policy, he led his followers west and
founded the beginning of the colony of
Connecticut.
In 1636, Roger Williams was banished because
of his views on religious tolerance and founded
the colony of Rhode Island.
In 1638, Ann Hutchinson and her followers
moved to Rhode Island.
Part Six
The Proprietary Colonies
Early Carolina
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To reward his supporters, when he was restored to
the Crown, King Charles II initiated the founding of
new colonies along the Atlantic Coast.
In 1663, the colony of Carolina was chartered but
soon divided into a northern and a southern colony.
By 1675, North Carolina was home to 5,000 small
farmers and large tobacco planters, many from
Virginia.
In South Carolina, settlers from the sugar colony
from Barbados created a plantation region with a
large African slave population.
From New Netherland to New York
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The growth of the English colonies led the
Dutch West India Company to promote
migration to their New Netherland colony.
Competition with England caused a series of
three wars that transferred New Netherland
to the English.
King Charles II gave the colony to his
brother the Duke of York and renamed it
New York.
New York boasted the most heterogeneous
society in North America.
The Founding of Pennsylvania
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In 1681, King Charles II repaid a debt to William
Penn's father by granting the younger Penn a
huge territory west of the Delaware River.
 Penn traveled to Pennsylvania and oversaw the
organization of Philadelphia.
Penn was a Quaker and established his colony as
a "holy experiment."
Penn purchased the land from the Algonquians,
dealing fairly with the Indians.
Immigrants flocked to Pennsylvania which later
became America's breadbasket.
Part Seven
Conflict and War
Conflict and War
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In the last quarter of the
seventeenth century, intertribal and
inter-colonial rivalry stimulated
violence that extended from Santa
Fe to Hudson's Bay.
King Philip's War
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Relations between the Plymouth colonists and
Pokanokets deteriorated in the 1670s.
 The colonists attempted to gain sovereign
authority over the land of King Philip (Metacom).
 After peaceful coexistence lasting forty years, the
Indians realized that the colonists were interested
in domination.
King Philip led an alliance of Indian peoples against
the United Colonies of New England and New York
in King Philip's War.
By 1676, in part due to an alliance between the
Iroquois Confederacy and the English, King Philip's
War ended in defeat.
Bacon's Rebellion
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In the 1670s, conflicts erupted between Virginia
settlers and the Susquehannocks on the upper
Potomac River
 Nathaniel Bacon demanded the death or removal
of all Indians from the colony.
 The governor attempted to suppress unauthorized
military expeditions.
 Bacon and his followers rebelled against Virginia's
royal governor, pillaging the capital of
Williamsburg.
When Bacon died of dysentery, his rebellion
collapsed.
Planters feared former servants would remain
disruptive and turned to African slave labor.
Wars in the South
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Massive violence broke out in South Carolina
in the 1670s as colonists began large-scale
Indian slave trade.
Charleston merchants encouraged the
Yamasees, Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Creeks
to wage war against the Choctaw and
Mission Indians of Florida allied to rival
colonial powers.
Thousands of Mission Indians were captured
and sold into slavery.
The Glorious Revolution in America
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In 1685, King James II attempted to increase royal
control by combining New York, New Jersey, and the
New England colonies into the Dominion of New
England.
 Colonial governments were disbanded and Anglican
forms of worship were imposed.
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 overthrew King
James and colonial revolts broke out in favor of the
Glorious Revolution.
Parliament installed William and Mary as king and
queen.
The new rulers abolished the Dominion of New
England and colonists revived assemblies and
returned to self-government.
King William's War
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In 1689, England and France began almost 75
years of warfare over control of the North
American interior.
English gains in the fur trade led to the outbreak of
King William's War, also known as the War of the
League of Augsburg in Europe.
The war ended inconclusively with the equally
inconclusive Treaty of Ryswick of 1697.
England feared loss of control of the colonies and
replaced proprietary rule with royal rule.
 This signified the tightening of imperial reigns over
the colonies of North America.
Part Seven
Conclusion
Planting Colonies in North
America, 1588-1701
 Media:
Chronology
MAP 3.1 New Mexico in the Seventeenth Century
By the end of the seventeenth century, New Mexico
numbered 3,000 colonial settlers in several towns,
surrounded by an estimated 50,000 Pueblo Indians
living in some fifty farming villages. The isolation and
sense of danger among the Hispanic settlers are
evident in their name for the road linking the colony
with New Spain, Jornada del Muerto, “the Road of
Death.”
MAP 3.2 New France in the Seventeenth Century By the late seventeenth century, French
settlements were spread from the town of Port Royal in Acadia to the post and mission at Sault Ste.
Marie on the Great Lakes. But the heart of New France comprised the communities stretching
along the St. Lawrence River between the towns of Quebec and Montreal.
MAP 3.3 European Colonies of
the Atlantic Coast, 1607–39
Virginia, on Chesapeake Bay,
was the first English colony in
North America, but by the midseventeenth century, Virginia
was joined by settlements of
Scandinavians on the Delaware
River, and Dutch on the Hudson
River, as well as English
religious dissenters in New
England. The territories
indicated here reflect the vague
boundaries of the early colonies.
MAP 3.4 The Proprietary Colonies
After the restoration of the Stuart
monarchy in 1660, King Charles II of
England created the new proprietary
colonies of Carolina, New York,
Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. New
Hampshire was set off as a royal
colony in 1680, and in 1704, the lower
counties of Pennsylvania became the
colony of Delaware.
MAP 3.5 Spread of Settlement: British Colonies, 1650–1700 The spread of settlement in
the English colonies in the late seventeenth century created the conditions for a number of
violent conflicts, including King Philip’s War, Bacon’s Rebellion, and King William’s War.
FIGURE 3.1 Population Growth of the British Colonies in the Seventeenth Century The
British colonial population grew steadily through the century, then increased sharply in the
closing decade as a result of the new settlements of the proprietary colonies.
Acoma Pueblo, the “sky city,” was founded in the thirteenth century and is one of the oldest
continuously inhabited sites in the United States. In 1598, Juan de Oñate attacked and laid
waste to the pueblo, killing some 800 inhabitants and enslaving another 500.
SOURCE:The New York Public Library Photographic Services.
This drawing, by Samuel de Champlain, shows how Huron men funneled deer into
enclosures, where they could be trapped and easily killed. SOURCE:Library of Congress.
This illustration, taken from Samuel de Champlain’s 1613 account of the founding of New France,
depicts him joining the Huron attack on the Iroquois in 1609. The French and their Huron allies
controlled access to the great fur grounds of the West. The Iroquo is then formed an alliance of
their own with the Dutch, who had founded a trading colony on the Hudson River. The palm trees in
the background of this drawing suggest that it was not executed by an eyewitness, but rather by an
illustrator more familiar with South American scenes.
SOURCE:Samuel de Champlain,Les Voyages ...,Paris,1613.Illus.opp.p.322.Early battle with the Iroquois.Rare Books Div.,The N.Y.Public Library,Astor,Lenox,and Tilden Foundations.
This illustration is a detail of John Smith’s map of Virginia. It includes the names of many
Indian villages, suggesting how densely settled was the Indian population of the coast of
Chesapeake Bay. For the inset of Powhatan and his court in the upper left, the engraver
borrowed images from John White’s drawings of the Indians of the Roanoke area.
SOURCE:(a)Princeton University Library (b)Library of Congress.
In this eighteenth-century engraving, used to promote the sale of tobacco, slaves pack
tobacco leaves into “hogsheads” for shipment to England, overseen by a Virginia planter and
his clerk. Note the incorporation of the Indian motif. SOURCE:The Granger Collection.
Governor John Winthrop, ca. 1640,
a portrait by an unknown artist.
SOURCE:American Antiquarian Society.
The first map printed in the English colonies, this view of New England was published in
Boston in 1677. With north oriented to the right, it looks west from Massachusetts Bay, the
two vertical black lines indicating the approximate boundaries of the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts. The territory west of Rhode Island is noted as an Indian stronghold, the
homelands of the Narraganset, Pequot, and Nipmuck peoples.
SOURCE:John Foster,White Hills Map,1677,woodcut.The John Carter Brown Library at Brown University.
The Mason Children, by an unknown Boston artist, ca. 1670. These Puritan children—David,
Joanna, and Abigail Mason—are dressed in finery, an indication of the wealth and
prominence of their family. The cane in young David’s hand indicates his position as the male
heir, while the rose held by Abigail is a symbol of childhood innocence. SOURCE:Attributed to the Freake-Gibbs
Painter,American,active Boston,MA.,ca.1670.The Mason Children:David,Joanna,and Abigail , 1670.Oil on canvas,39 •421 in.The Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco,Gift of Mr.and Mrs.John D.Rockefeller 3rd,1979,7.3. 1 2
The earliest known view of New Amsterdam, published in 1651. Indian traders are shown
arriving with their goods in a dugout canoe of distinctive design known to have been
produced by the native people of Long Island Sound. Twenty-five years after its founding, the
Dutch settlement still occupies only the lower tip of Manhattan Island.
SOURCE:New Amsterdam,1650 –53.The Hague Facsimile.Museum of the City of New York. The J.Clarence Davies Collection 34.100.29.
The Delawares presented William Penn with this wampum belt after the Shackamaxon Treaty
of 1682. In friendship, a Quaker in distinctive hat clasps the hand of an Indian. The diagonal
stripes on either side of the figures convey information about the territorial terms of the
agreement. Wampum belts like this one, made from strings of white and purple shells, were
used to commemorate treaties throughout the colonial period and were the most widely
accepted form of money in the northeastern colonies during the seventeenth century.
SOURCE:Photograph by Gavin Ashworth.The Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Indians and New Englanders skirmish during King Philip’s War in a detail from John Seller’s
“A Mapp of New England,” published immediately after the war.
SOURCE:John Seller Map of New England,1675.Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University.