Transcript ch09_sec2 - SteveTesta.Net

Reforms, Revolutions, and War
Section 2
Revolution and Change in France
Main Idea
During the 1800s opposing groups in France struggled to
determine what kind of government France would have—a
republic, a constitutional monarchy, or an absolute monarchy.
Reading Focus
• What happened during the Revolution of 1830?
• What were the results of the birth of the French republic?
• How did the Dreyfus affair reveal divisions within French
society?
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The Revolution of 1830
At the end of the Napoleonic era, the Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII
to the French throne. The French had a constitution and a legislature, but
most power remained with the king.
A King Abdicates
• Charles X inherited throne with
death of brother, Louis XVIII
• Tried to rule as absolute
monarch
• Citizens revolted in 1830
• Charles abdicated, fled to
England
Reforms, Revolutions, and War
Louis Philippe
• Life under the new king
• Aristocrat popular with middle class
• Called “citizen king”
• Opened vote to more men
• Limited to freedom of the press
• More power to wealthy
• Larger gap between poor and rich
• Economic depression of 1846
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Reforms, Revolutions, and War
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Identify Cause and Effect
What were the effects of the Revolution of
1830?
Answer(s): King Charles X abdicated and was
replaced by King Louis Philippe, the “citizen king.”
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Birth of a Republic
The economic troubles and general unhappiness simmered until
1848. Then revolution exploded again and another republic was born.
The Revolution of 1848
• French government banned
banquet planned by reformers
• Middle- and working- class
protesters took to streets
• Louis Philippe abdicated
• New government formed, a
republic headed by a president
• Voters elected Napoleon’s
nephew, Louis Napoleon
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Second Republic
• Era known as Second
Republic
• Revolution of 1848 had
far-reaching effects:
ensured all adult men had
right to vote, inspired other
European revolutions
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Napoleon III and the Second Empire
New Constitution
• French constitution allowed
president to serve four years
• Louis Napoleon wanted to
remain in office
• 1851, sent troops to Paris,
arrested members of National
Assembly who opposed him
• Called for national vote on
drafting new constitution
• 1852, French elected him
Emperor Napoleon III
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Reforms of the Empire
• Period became known as
Second Empire
• Napoleon III made reforms
such as increasing voting
rights but always kept
absolute power as emperor
• Ruled during time of
economic prosperity
French Rail Station
• Built many miles of railroads,
helped increase trade and
improved communications in
France
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Reforms, Revolutions, and War
The Third Republic
War with Prussia
• 1870, Napoleon III was tricked
into war with Prussia
• Napoleon III was captured and
surrendered to Prussians
Reforms of the Republic
Primary education became
available for children
between 6-13
Deposed Leader
• Shameful defeat led French
Assembly to depose Napoleon
III and proclaimed the Third
Republic
Trade union were legalized,
working hours were
reduced, and the work
week was cut to 6 days
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Third republic
Important Reforms
• Primary education available for children
between 6 and 13
• Trade unions legalized, working hours
reduced, workers got one day off per week
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Draw Conclusions
Why did the French elect Louis Napoleon as
their president?
Answer(s): possible answer—because of his
famous name and family legacy
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Reforms, Revolutions, and War
The Dreyfus Affair
• Divisions within French society came to
head over controversial Dreyfus Affair,
revealing extent of French antiSemitism, prejudice toward Jews
Dreyfus
• Alfred Dreyfus, captain in French
army, Jewish
• Falsely accused of betraying
military secrets to Germany
• Anti-Semitic officers knew he was
not guilty, let Dreyfus take blame
Evidence
• Dreyfus humiliated in public
ceremony, uniform stripes
removed, sword broken
• Evidence suggested another, nonJewish, officer may have been spy,
but found not guilty in court
• Dreyfus not cleared until 1906
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Dreyfus Affair Creates Movement
Zola
• 1898, French writer Émile Zola defended Dreyfus
• Published letter accusing French government of anti-Semitism
• Letter set off riots, led French courts to reopen Dreyfus’s case
Effects
• Many political groups united into two—those for Dreyfus and those against
• Theodor Herzl began Zionism movement, called for re-creation of a Jewish
state in original homeland
Zionism
• Herzl believed root of anti-Semitism was that Jews did not have own nation
• 1900s, many Jews had settled in eastern Mediterranean area, Palestine
• Settlements caused other Jews to follow, Zionist movement strengthened