Transcript Chapter 23
Chapter 23 Pages 682-705 • 1803- Louisiana Purchase is made • 1821- Mexico declares independence from Spain • 1832- Reform Act doubles numbers of voters in Great Britain • 1861- Civil War Begins in the United States • 1863- Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation • 1804- Napoleon is crowned emperor of France • 1812- Egyptian forces capture Mecca and Medina • The Ottoman Empire recognizes Greece’s independence • 1852- The Republic of South Africa is formed • 1864- The Taiping Rebellion in China leaves 20 million Chinese dead • Revolution of 1830: • The French had a constitution and a legislature, but most of the power remained with the king. • CHARLES X: Louis XVIII’s brother, inherited the throne, wanted absolute monarch • suspended power of the legislature…. Caused an uprising. • Charles abdicated, gave up the throne and fled to England • Louis Philippe: Aristocrat, popular with the middle class • Appointed king by the moderate liberal leaders who formed a constitutional monarchy • Dressed like the middle class and was called the “citizen king” • Extended the number of voters… only for more wealthy citizens • Limited freedom of the press to protect the power of the government • Silenced most people who opposed him. • Rich got richer, Poor got poorer • 1846- Economic depression led to another revolution • First Republic: existed during the years between the French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon • Second Republic: the era that followed Louis Napoleon being elected president • Third Republic: after the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War • Revolution of 1848: middle and working class starting protesting after the French government banned a banquet planned by reformers • Louis Philippe resigned and the monarchy came to an end • French formed a new government, a republic, headed by a president • Louis Napoleon was elected president by the people. All adult French men had the right to vote Created support for republican government Fueled a new women’s rights movement Inspired other revolutions across Europe French Constitution only allowed a president for four years, Napoleon did not like this and wanted to rule longer so he: Sent his troops to Paris in 1851 and had them arrest members of the National Assembly, who opposed him Got voters to allow him to draft a new constitution Voters elected him Emperor Napoleon III to begin second empire Increased voting right while remaining in absolute power Promoted economic prosperity and built many miles of railroads • 1870: Napoleon began a war with Prussia • Napoleon captured in battled and surrendered • Shameful defeat for France • Led the French Assembly to overthrow Napoleon and proclaim the Third Republic • Third Republic immediately faced a crisis: the invasion of France and obstruction of Paris by Prussia • Important Reforms of Third Republic: 1882: Primary education for children ages 6-13 1884: Trade unions are legalized By 1900: Working hours are reduced 1906: Employers are required to give employees off at least one day a week • Alfred Dreyfus: Captain in the French Army, Jewish • 1894: Convicted of betraying French military secrets to Germany • Publicly humiliated in a ceremony where the crowd hollered “Kill him! Kill him!” • A few years later anti-Semitic Army officers admitted it was them, not Dreyfus • 1906 Dreyfus is finally cleared of all wrongdoings. • A letter written by French writer Emile Zola • Published in 1898 accusing the French Government of anti-Semitism • led the French courts to reopen the Dreyfus case • Set off anti-Semitic riots in more than 50 towns • Zola went to trial and was convicted of libel (publishing false information) • Grew due to the Dreyfus Affair and its publicity • Theodor Herzl: Hungarian-born, Jewish journalist, covered the Dreyfus Trial • Shocked by the anti-Semitism in France and Europe • Decided Jews in Europe needed a nation of their own • Published The Jewish State – Outlined plans for an independent Jewish country, helped spark Zionism • By the early 1900’s Jews were returning to their homeland in the eastern Mediterranean and many followed Chapter 23, Section 4 PG.701 • America was a young country • Britain was still harassing them • Britain helped the Native Americans fight American settlers • Great Britain and the United States go to war in 1812 • When the war ended no territory had changed • Americans felt they had proven their independence • By the 1820s America was growing with national pride • Began building their own reputation • Monroe Doctrine: America is off limits to further European colonization • Declared by President James Monroe • 1820- Moses Austin founded a small settlement in Texas with permission from the Spanish government • When Mexico gained their independence laws got strict in Texas • Eventually they became the Republic of Texas • 1845- United States admitted Texas as a state • Mexican government disputed this, led to the Mexican-American War • 1846-1848; United States won gaining a large territory • By 1850 the United States had gained territory to the Pacific • Including: The Louisiana Territory, Florida, Texas, the Mexican Cession and the Oregon Territory • Manifest Destiny: the belief that Americans had a God given right to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean • People went for different reasons: • Gold was found in California in 1848 • Homestead Act: settlers were promised 160 acres of free land just for making the trip out West. • By expanding west, Americans were moving onto land that had previously been inhabited for thousands of years • This caused many conflicts between the two • 1830: Indian Removal Act- relocated five Indian nations to reservations • Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek • The Cherokee march was so harsh and deadly it became known as the Trail of Tears • Estimated ¼ of those who made the trip, died • Slavery became a national problem as the United States expanded westward. • Some Americans thought denying freedom to enslaved people were wrong, they fought for abolition (the end of slavery) • As new states and territories were added they had to decide if slavery was allowed or not. • Southerners thought if the new states didn’t favor slavery there would be a major shift and they wouldn’t be allowed to have slavery either • Compromises preserved a balance between free and slave states • 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act: Let the states decide on slavery. • Caused a bitter debate • Caused South Carolina to secede after Lincoln was elected • Other states seceded, these states named themselves the Confederate States of America; named Jefferson Davis as their President • Lincoln did not believe states had the right to secede • 1861: Lincoln gave the orders to take supplies to Fort Sumter and the first shots of the Civil War were fired. • Civil War lasted for four years and more than 500,000 soldiers died • Emancipation Proclamations: Lincoln declared all slaves free in some parts of the Confederate states • Helped the North: many Southern slaves fled north (hurt economy) • Renewed purpose to Union soldiers • Caused European powers to withdraw support • Battle of Gettysburg (PA) • Turning point: Union soldiers defeated Confederate troops • Gettysburg address :dedication speech to those who died • Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S Grant at Appomatox, VA