Transcript Chapter 18 - Section 2

The
Chapter 18:
REVOLUTION and
NAPOLEON
Lecture Instructions
• Take out a sheet of paper.
• While listening write down 8-10 facts you
found interesting.
• While listening write down anything that
you find confusing.
Chapter 18:
Section 2
Part 2
The Reign of
Terror
Reign of Terror
• Courts were set up to prosecute
counter-revolutionaries and traitors.
• Throughout France 40,000 people
were killed during the Reign of Terror.
• 16,000 were killed via the guillotine.
• In Lyon, 1,880 citizens of the city were
executed. When the guillotine proved
to slow the rest were shot.
• 15% of all killed were from the First
and Second Estate.
• The Committee of Public Safety
promised that the bloodletting was
temporary. They promise that once it
was over, the Republic of Virtue would
begin!
The Republic of Virtue
• Created by Robespierre and the
Committee of Public Safety to
control and shape French society.
• Would be a democratic republic
composed of good citizens.
• Primary education was established.
(Not widely implemented.)
• Slavery in French colonies was
abolished.
• Tried to control prices of food and
other commodities. (Failed as the
government had no way to enforce
them.)
The De-Christianization of France
• Believe that religion
encouraged superstition
rather than reason.
• Removed “saint” from all
street signs.
• Changed the calendar to
omit Sat, Sun and all
church holidays.
• Ultimately failed as
France was a staunchly
Catholic nation.
The Revolutionary Army
• In less that a year an army
of a more than a million
soldiers was raised. The
largest army ever seen in
Europe.
• The people created the
government and now
fought the people’s wars
(rather than the kings, as
they had in the past).
• Austria and Prussia were
pushed out of France, and
the war shifted to a French
invasion of Europe.
End of the Terror
• With France well defended the
need for the Terror had passed,
but still it continued.
• Robespierre was obsessed with
ridding France of all threats.
• Rivals, fearful of being killed,
condemned Robespierre and
guillotined him on July 28th,
1794.
• The end of the Terror quickly
followed.
The Directory
• With the terror over the National Convention moved
in a more conservative direction.
• Religion was permitted, the Committee of Public
Safety’s power limited and a new Constitution
drafted.
• The “Directory” was an executive council of five
elders.
• Many people, tired of the suffering and sacrifice of
the Terror turned to selfish greed, graft and theft.
• The governmental experiment was largely a failure
as it became know for little else but corruption.
Chapter 18:
Section 3
The Age
of Napoleon
The Rise of Napoleon
• b. 1769 in Corsica (two
months after annexation
by France).
• son of a minor Italian
noble.
• attended military school
on scholarship.
• commissioned as a
lieutenant in the French
Army.
The Rise of Napoleon
Military Successes:
• 1792 made a captain.
• 1794 made brigadier general
at 24 (by the Committee of
Public Safety).
• 1796 made commander of
French armies in Italy.
• 1797 charged with preparing
and leading an army to invade
England.
Rise of Napoleon
The Egyptian Campaign
• Napoleon decided to
attack Egypt rather than
Britain directly.
• Egypt was on the route
to India, a major source
of wealth for the British
Empire.
• Napoleon could not
overcome British naval
superiority. He
abandoned his army,
returning to Paris.
Coup d’etat!
• 1799, Napoleon takes part
in coup d’etat.
• A consulate (in theory a
republic) government is
created.
• Napoleon is named First
Consul, he rules with
absolute power.
• 1802, he is made Consul for
Life.
• 1804, he crowns himself
emperor, Napoleon I.
Napoleon’s Domestic Policies
• Made peace with the church
by recognizing the Catholic
Church as the religion of
France, while not returning
seized church lands.
• Codified laws of France, the
most important was the Civil
Code or Napoleonic Code.
• Women lost all rights under
new laws of the French
Empire.
• Created a strong central
administration, focusing on
capable officials.
Preserver of the Revolution?
Oui!
• The Civil Code reflected the
revolutionary ideal of all citizens
being equal before the law.
• Opening of government careers to
people of skill and ability.
Non!
• Liberty replaced by despotism.
• Shut down 60 of France’s 73
newspapers. All manuscripts
reviewed and mail inspected by
government.
Haiku Activity
• Using your back side Here is my example:
of paper or a new
sheet of paper
Teacher is insane!
compose a haiku
(5)
about Napoleon’s rise
Making us write haikus? No!
to power.
(7)
• A haiku is a three line
Oh?! I have no choice.
poem. The first line is
(5)
five syllables, the
second, seven
syllables and the third,
five syllables.