Transcript Declaration of the Rights of Man

 Absolute monarchs may be stable and powerful, but
rarely do they recognize the importance of individual
rights.
 A revolution that brings positive changes has a global
impact.
 Popular sovereignty – idea that political power rests with
the people who can create, alter, or abolish government (N)
 Federal System – government where the power is divided
between a central authority and a number of individual
states (N)
 Separation of Powers – assignment of executive, legislative,
and judicial powers to different groups of officials in a
government (N)
 Checks and Balances – measures designed to prevent any
one branch of government from dominating the others (N)
 Rulers must obey the laws
 People had gained rights through:
 The Magna Carta – 1215
 The English Civil War – 1642-1649
 The Glorious Revolution (1688) led to the English Bill
of Rights and adoption of Constitutional Monarchy –
1689
Additional Rights
 William Wilberforce
 Member of British Parliament
 Promoted religion, morality, and education
 Led the movement to abolish slavery in Britain
 1807 – the Slave Trade ended
 1833 – Slavery abolished in most of the British
empire
 British citizens had more rights than anyone else in
the world
 Ruler has absolute power and seeks to control all
aspects of society
 Society was divided into classes called “estates”
 First Estate – Clergy
 Second Estate – Nobles
 Third Estate – the bourgeoisie and the peasants
Criticisms
 Monarchs were often insensitive
 Marie Antoinette
 Monarchs were wasteful
 ex) Construction of Versailles
Criticisms, Cont.
 Louis XIV forced people to convert to Catholicism, but
the Church was less powerful and had less support
 Nobles had special privileges, such as being exempt
from many taxes
 The Third Estate was highly taxed
 Nobles had special privileges
 Tax exempt
 High positions
 Monarchs were insensitive to Third Estates
struggles
 Did not accept Divine Right
 Rousseau
 Ideas from the Declaration of Independence
 Basic rights
 “Liberty, property, security…”
 Third Estate was heavily taxed
 Borrowed money to finance wars
 Ex)American Revolution
 King could no longer obtain loans
 Wanted nobles to help Crown pay debts
 National Assembly
 Nobles thought they could control the votes
 Third Estate was larger and elected twice as many
delegates
 May 1789 – Third Estate declared themselves to be a
National Assembly
“Abuses to Suppress”
 June 17 - National Assembly formed by
Third Estate
 July 14 - an angry mob stormed the Bastille
(a Paris prison)
 Aug 26 - The Declaration of the Rights of
Man
 Modeled after the U.S. Declaration of
Independence
 Gave all French men equal rights
"Mr. de Lafayette,
Commander of the Paris
National Guard, Receives
the City’s 'Sword for the
Defense of Liberty'"
“With the Help of Mr. de
la Fayette, the French
Nation Defeats
Despotism"
 Oct-Dec – The Great Fear
 Peasants broke into and burned nobles’
houses.
 A mob of women angry about bread
prices marched to Versailles, but the king
and queen fled.
“Vanguard of Women Going to Versailles”
 The King (and his
family) attempts to flee
France but is captured
• Louis
depicted as a
pig.
• Marie Antoinette
depicted as a
reptile.
“The King and Queen as a Two-Headed Monster”
 September Constitution creates a
constitutional monarchy
 Austria and Prussia declare war on France
 The Second French Revolution
 Radical mobs attack the Legislative
Assembly and take the King prisoner
 Kings from other countries sent soldiers to
France to restore Louis XVI to the throne.
"March of the Powers Allied against France"
 Louis was tried for treason, convicted, and
beheaded.
“Son of SaintLouis going up to
heaven….”
“Louis arrives in Hell”
 Robespierre became the leader of France
and began the Reign of Terror.
 He led the Committee of Public Safety,
which tried and put to death thousands of
“enemies of the republic”
“An Ordinary
Guillotine: Good
Support for
Liberty”
“Summoning to Execution”
 Robespierre was executed.
 Moderate leaders created a less
revolutionary plan of government.
“The Death of Robespierre”
The Revolution resulted in social and
economic reorganization
 “What do the French Revolution and the American
Revolution have in common?”
 Who was fighting against who?
 Why were they fighting?
 What was the standard of living in both places?
 What type of fights took place? (organized battle or
mob terror)
 Napoleon became a hero after defeating
Austria.
 France was still in social and political
disorder from the Revolution.
 Napoleon and his supporters staged a
coup d’état and seized power.
“The Saving of
France”
 Tried to end a slave
revolt in Haiti.
 Made First Consul for
life.
“Napoleon , First Consul, Putting Away His
Sword After the General Peace”
 Sold Louisiana
Territory to U.S.
(Louisiana
Purchase)
 Crowned himself Emperor in Notre Dame
Cathedral.
“A Grateful France Proclaims Napoleon the First Emperor of the French”
 Prepared to invade
Britain, but was
defeated by the British
Navy in the Battle of
Trafalgar.
 Napoleon’s Navy was
not very strong
 Took over much of
Europe.
“Sire, they are my sons and my wife”
 Ordered a blockade of Britain, but the
British formed their own blockade and
weakened the French economy.
 Tried to conquer Russia.
 Russians used the scorched-earth policy
(burned their fields and killed their
livestock)
 Reached Moscow, but winter forced his
retreat.
 (Returned with only 10,000 of his
400,000 soldiers.)
 Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and
Austria formed an alliance and defeated
Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig.
“Napoleon is Unable to Digest Leipzig”
“Triumph of the Year 1813”
“Debris of the French Army Returning to the Fatherland in June 1813”
 Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba.
 Louis XVIII took the throne in Paris, but
quickly became unpopular.
 Napoleon escaped from Elba and
returned to France.
 He raised an army and took power.
 Napoleon was defeated by the rest of
Europe at the battle of Waterloo
(Belgium)
“The Day After Waterloo”
“The Song of the End”
 Napoleon was sent to the island of St.
Helena in the southern Atlantic Ocean.
 Napoleon died.
“Celebrating Napoleon’s Birthday on the Island of St. Helena”
“His Monument”
“The Exorcism: Ridding France of the Devil Napoleon”
“The Great Heroism of the Nineteenth Century”
“The Great Man”
“This is my dear son – Napoleon as the child of the devil”