Transcript File
Age of Revolutions Napoleon and the Congress System The Terror Begins • The “Reign of Terror’ filtered out of the second wave of the revolution…Jacobins! • Main goal was to protect the new Republic • The Committee’s job was to over see affairs of France. Vive la France! • The Committee of Public Safety led the way in the protection of the Republic. - Maximilien Robespierre - Jacques Danton - Lazare Carnot Robespierre • 1758-1794 • Left-wing Jacobin • Supported the sans culottes • Ruler during the Terror • Festival of the Supreme Being To Arms!!! • Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety issued the levee en masse. • Revolutionary expectations--protect the REPUBLIC! • Robespierre answer was put terror into their hearts! The Policies • Exclusion of Women from politics • De-Christianization of France - Supreme Being • Revolutionary Tribunals against enemies of the republic - Guillotine Thermidorian Reaction • July 27, 1794 a tempering of the revolution began. – Goal was to quell the heated battles of the “Terror” • Institute rule and law: – Ban violent groups like the “Commune” – Restructure the government The Directory • Constitution of the Year III (1795) • Legislature of two houses: (Bicameral) - Council of Elders - Council of Five Hundred • Executive Body was a five person directory. Napoleon’s Rise to Power • The Directory under the new Constitution gave a lot of power to the military. • Assisted in putting down the monarchist coup d’etat in 1795 and saved the Republic. Military Victories • Early on Napoleon was very successful. • 1797 - Treaty of Campo Formio controlled Switzerland and Italy. • 1798 - Invaded Egypt State of France • The Directory encounters problems - Economic Crisis - The International War • Constitution of Year VIII - Abbe Sieyes employed Napoleon to stage a coup d’etat on November 9, 1799 (18 Brumaire). • “confidence from below, power from above.” The Consulate • 1799 - Napoleon became First Consul • 1799-1804 - Napoleon secured power as the ruling figure in France. • Napoleon began his consulate by establishing peace among his enemies. • He weeded out any opposition and took absolute rule. Protector of the Republic? • Quickly Napoleon established a balance of power by applying democratic principles, such as: – Destroyed Feudal Privileges – Security of Property for the Middle Class – Universal Male Suffrage Treaties • 1801- Treaty of Luneville took Austria out of the war. • 1802- Treaty of Amiens brought peace to Europe, including Britain. • 1802 - Concordat in Rome brought peace with the pope and the church. Napoleonic Code • 1802 - Napoleon became “Consul for Life” and then led France into a codification of laws. • 1804 - Napoleonic Code helped establish a Dynasty. • Emperor Napoleon I - December 2, 1804. An Upstart Soldier • Between 1804 -1807, Napoleon wraps the European Continent in war. • Very successful on land, but no match for Britain on the sea. • October 21, 1805 – Battle of Trafalgar … Horatio Nelsen Conquering Europe • On land, Napoleon’s army was brilliant. • Battle of Austerlitz 1805 made Napoleon master of all German lands. • Treaty of Pressburg made Napoleon the king of Italy. Battle of Austerlitz Political Changes • In July 1806, Napoleon organized the Confederation of the Rhine and dissolved the HRE. • Battle of Jena 1806, he defeats the Prussians • By 1807, Napoleon was master of all German Lands. • Treaty of Tilsit – July 7, 1807 made Prussia and Russia allies of Napoleon. A Dictator of Sorts • Napoleon transformed Europe into a Continental System. • Instituted Reforms wherever he ruled. -Napoleonic Code -Freed serfs and peasants -social distinctions Pyrrhic Dance • Several factors led to the war between France and Russia 1. Breaking the Treaty of Tilsit 2. Failed marriage negotiations 3. The Continental System • By 1810, Tsar Alexander declared war on the French Empire. A Dead End War • Napoleon’s Grand Army greatly outnumbered the Russians. • The invasion, however, did not favor Napoleon. • Russians employed a “scratch and burn” tactic. Russian Preparation Battle of Borodino Moscow, 1812 European Coalition • Metternich rounded up a coalition to rid Napoleon of European dominance. • Russia, Prussia, Austria, & Britain • Battle of Nations, in 1814 forced Napoleon to abdicate and flee to Elba. The Congress of Vienna • Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh & Prince Metternich headed the congress. • Treaty of Chaumont – March 9, 1814 - Restoration of Bourbons - Quadruple Alliance The Hundred Days • On March 1, 1815, Napoleon returned to France and seized power. • The Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw and went after him. • June 18, 1815 - Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo and sent into exile on St. Helena. Battle of Waterloo Napoleon’s Legacy • Napoleon’s reign following the revolutionary government showed the power of the nationhood, which inspired Europe. • Birth of the Age of Ideologies – Romanticism, Nationalism, Liberalism Bourbon Restoration • Louis XVIII political realist • Constitutional Monarchy established • The “Charter” • Ultraroyalism White Terror Nationalism • The belief that a nation is composed of people who are joined by common bonds. • Opposed the Congress of Vienna • The notion of “popular sovereignty” • The Nation and Nationhood. Nations on the Rise • Developed a “national” language that did away with dialects. • The Printed Word • Nationhood as way to bridge together people of an ethnic group. • Nationalists put pressure on Empires Liberalism • Liberalism grew out of the nineteenth century political turmoil. • Seeped in Enlightenment ideals. • Wanted Constitutions and political freedom. • Responsible Government Political & Economic Goals • Wanted boarder political participation, but not democracy. • Privilege based on wealth and property. • The rising middle-class • Laissez-faire Economics Conservatism • The domestic political order among European countries tended to be conservative in form & principle. • Pillars of conservatism were legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches. Epitome of Conservatism Conservative Tenets • Opposed the rule of popular sovereignty and economic liberty. • Limited constitutions - power control by monarchies & aristocracies. • The alliance system Universities • Several student groups rise up supporting the cause of nationalism. • Burchenschaften - Germany • Karl Sand – 1819-20 became a martyr for the student nationalist groups. Sand murders Kotzebue Sand’s Execution Carlsbad Decrees 1. Government officials appointed to each University 2. No teacher/professor allowed to serve as a government official 3. Banned secret societies and organizations 4. Rule of expulsion Problems in England • Lord Liverpool’s Ministry & Popular Unrest • Poor Law and Unions • The Peterloo massacre 1819 • The Six Acts & Parliamentary Reform St. Peter’s Field 1819 Six Acts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Forbade large public meetings Raised fines for seditious libel Speedy trial for political agitators Increased newspaper tax Prohibited the training of armed groups Allowed local officials to search homes on suspicion. The Congress System • 1815-1822 European international relations were controlled by congresses. • 1815: Vienna “Concert of Europe” • 1818: Aix-la-Chapelle • 1820: Troppau • 1821: Laibach • 1822: Verona Congress of Vienna • Metternich wanted to assure that peace in Europe was maintained. • Authority of the monarchies and aristocracies. • Mutual consultation of politics. Problems • The aftermath of the Congress of Vienna sparked a number of opposition uprisings. • Crisis, Revolt, and Revolutions • Reform Movements on both sides liberal and conservative Russian Dismay • In 1825, Russia began to encounter a series of problems. • Army developed reformist sympathies • Secret Societies spring up and echo the liberal doctrine • Change Russia --- Free the Serfs. The Decembrist Revolt • Two crisis breakout in 1825. • The First was Tsar Alexander died with no direct heir to the throne. • Secondly, Moscow regiment of the Russian Army refused to swear allegiance to Nicholas. Tsar Nicholas I • “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, & Nationalism” • Refused to abolish serfdom • Reform Movements: - Official Nationality - Codification of Russian Law Revolt in Poland • In 1830, Poland began to ride the coat-tails of the revolutionary movements across Europe. • Nicholas suppressed the revolt and issued the Organic Statute in 1832. • Poland remained apart of the Russian Empire. Next Week • Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail throughout Europe? • What roles did liberals and nationalists play in the revolutions? • Why did they sometimes clash?