Transcript Napoleonic France and Europe

Brief Response
• “To propose the trial of Louis XVI is to question the Revolution. If he
may be tried, he may be acquitted [cleared of wrongdoing]; if he
may be acquitted, he may be innocent. But, if he be innocent, what
becomes of the Revolution? If he be innocent, what are we but
his calumniators [those who tell lies about someone]? . . . his
imprisonment is a crime; all the patriots are guilty; and the great
cause which for so many centuries has been debated between
crime and virtue, between liberty and tyranny, is finally decided in
favour of crime and despotism!”
• — Maximilien Robespierre
• In the quotation above, what was Robespierre arguing for or
against? Explain Robespierre’s point of view. Did Robespierre
get his way? Explain.
Brief Response--Answer
• A. Robespierre did not did not want a trial.
• B. POV: He argued that if Louis XVI goes to trial, he could be
cleared of wrongdoing if found innocent.
– If Louis is found innocent, then the revolutionaries (including Robespierre) must
be criminals for making lies against him.
• C. Robespierre did not get his way: Louis XVI was put on trial.
– But Louis XVI was convicted and executed, so Robespierre got what he wanted
in the end—the monarchy was abolished.
Napoleonic France and
Europe
p. 128
Why Napoleon?
• Napoleon became dictator of France, but protected
many of the enlightened ideas and laws of the French
Revolution.
• His reputation and policies made him very popular and
improved France.
• His wars to subjugate Europe spread revolutionary ideas
and nationalism to other Europeans.
• Europeans would unite and oust Napoleon.
• There would be a struggle for the next century between
those Europeans who tried to restore monarchies and
those who wanted republics.
In 1799, coup d’etat.
• Plebiscite: C
• A vote by the nation to decide if the
government can do something.
• Napoleon asked for powers permitting him
to become dictator.
• His policies pleased many and they voted
overwhelming support to him.
Napoleonic Code: C
• Napoleon kept many of the Enlightenment
and revolutionary ideas in this system of
laws.
• This made him a very popular, enlightened
dictator.
• It also made him popular with ordinary
French people and some in the nations
France would capture.
Annex:
• to add another country or land to
one’s own country.
• Napoleon began invading neighboring
lands to add to his greater French
Empire.
Napoleon in Egypt
• The goal was to control Suez and cut
Britain off from India
• He failed, but few French heard about the
failure.
Continental System: C
• Napoleon’s plan to cut off Britain from trade
(embargo) with Europe.
• He hoped the blockade would cause the British
economy would fail.
Guerrilla warfare:
• (means “little war”)
• When the Spanish army surrendered, Spanish civilians,
called “guerrilleros”, continued fighting French troops.
– The British called them ‘guerrillas’
• The would attack quickly and disappear almost as
fast.
• They destroyed supply lines, assassinated leaders,
and encouraged more people to join them.
– This kept French troops in Spain rather than being
able to fight wars in other parts of Europe or wherever
Napoleon needed them.
Scorched-earth policy:
• 1812, Russians destroyed all buildings and
crops in the path of Napoleon’s Grand Army.
• The Russian army failed to stop the French.
• As winter deepened, French troops froze and starved.
– Supplies from distant France were insufficient.
– Napoleon watched his 600,000-man army dwindle.
• Though he captured Moscow, the capital, he retreated to
France.
– Russian guerrillas attacked the Grand Army all the way
back…..
– Napoleon lost 97% of his army to death or desertion.
Abdicate:
• To resign from the monarchy.
– Napoleon was forced by the Allies to give up
his crown and exiled from France.
– King Louis XVIII was restored by the Allies.
Congress of Vienna:
• The royalist (conservative) powers of Europe formed it to
– restore Europe to the way it was before Napoleon and the
French Revolution.
– Members included:
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Great Britain,
Austria,
and Russia
Even France was represented
– It was not punished for all the destruction it did to Europe under Napoleon.
– Germany would remember that in the 1920s,
» after WWI, victor, France, severely punished Germany.
Legitimacy:
• The right to take the throne of a monarchy.
• The Congress of Vienna wanted to be
sure the true successors were restored to
the thrones of Europe’s monarchies.
Concert of Europe:
• The Congress of Vienna appointed a
group to be in charge of protecting Europe
from future revolutions.
• It had the power to raise armies from allies
to send anywhere in Europe where revolt
took place.
Hwk
Standards Check, p. 129
• Question:
• He was very ambitious and his military
successes helped him gain power.
• EC: What historic figure that we studied is
Napoleon’s rise similar to?
• Julius Caesar
Image, p. 129
• Question:
• Through censorship and a network of
spies
Standards Check, p. 130
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Question:
Economic reforms
Established a public school system
Introduced the Napoleonic Code
Map Skills, p. 131
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2 (second part)
Germany
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Smaller countries have replaced the Austrian
and French Empires
• The Confederation of the Rhine is now Germany
• Italy has been united
• New countries have emerged in Eastern Europe
Standards Check, p. 132
• Question:
– Defeated others by moving his armies quickly
– Took risks
– Was willing to suffer great losses
– Annexed lands
– Forced others to be allies
– Put family members and friends on several
European thrones.
Primary Source, p. 132
• Question
• The French army was devastated.
• They were weak, gaunt, weaponless,
dressed in rags.
Standards Check, p. 133
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Question:
Nationalism in individual European states
Guerrilla warfare in Spain
Austria seeking revenge
Russia’s devastating winter
Biography, p. 134
• Question
• He wanted whatever was in the best
interests of Austria
• He wanted monarchies restored.
Map Skills, p. 135
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Bavaria, Hanover, and Saxony
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To prevent French expansion
Standards Check, p. 135
• Question
• Spread nationalist ideas across Europe
• Facilitated American expansion into the
Louisiana territory
• Abolished the Holy Roman Empire
(beginning the creation of Germany later)
Standards Check, p. 136
• Question
• Goal:
• To create a lasting peace in Europe by
– establishing a balance of power between nations.
– Protecting the monarchy system
• Outcome:
• A balance of power that lasted for the next 100
years,
– but failed to anticipate new forces such as
nationalism…..
p. 137, Thinking Critically
• 1.
• Hills for protection
• Accessibility to a water source for drinking and
irrigation.
• Rich soil for growing crops
• Easy to defend
• 2. EC
• A large earthquake generated a deadly tsunami
in Southern Asia in 2004
Brief Response
• In what ways did Enlightenment ideas
influence liberal social and political views
in the early 1800s, under Napoleon’s rule?