Transcript Temper of War

THE GREAT
WAR
“THE WAR TO END ALL WARS”
Bellwork #1 – ½ pg response
• Should you always support a
friend no matter what he or she
does? What is the risk of not
supporting a friend?
• Read over the activity
instruction sheet.
• Prepare for the press conference
by generating a list of questions
you would need to ask to write a
descriptive sensational
newspaper article. You should be
able to generate a list of at least
5.
This War
Shocked the
World
• Destruction
• Involved more
nations
• Advanced weapons
• More deaths
• Empires fell
• New nations created
• Some nations
became powerful
• Other became weak
• Many civilians
killed
1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Balkan Crisis
• Study the map of
Austria-Hungary’s
ethnic groups.
• What problems
might arise with all
these groups being
joined into one
empire?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & Family
• Heir to the throne of
Austria -Hungary
Empire
• Nephew of current
leader
• Wife – Sophia
• Going to visit Sarajevo
–
–
–
–
Arrive by train 10 am.
Speech at City Hall
Observe Military Drills
Lunch with Mayor
Sarajevo, Bosnia June 28, 1914 – It was a sunny, warm day
Lead Investigator Vlaw Andordervic
Street Corner in Sarajevo where the Archduke was Assassinated
7 Terrorist of the Black
Hand
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Mehmed Mehmedbasic – 27 yrs - escaped
Vaso Cubrilovic – 17 yrs - captured
Nedjelko Cabrinovi – 20 yrs - captured
Cvijetko Popovic – 18 yrs - captured
Danilo Ilic – 24 yrs - captured
Trifka Grabez – 19 yrs - captured
Gavrilo Princip - 19 yrs – captured
Funeral of Archduke
Trial of Gavrilo Principe
•Princip underage only sentenced to 20 yrs in prison
Temper of War
ISN Work
• Go to the next clean section of your ISN and
create the Unit 7-5 Title Page
• On the next right hand section cut and glue the
guided notes sheet for WWI
• On the left hand side answer the question at the
bottom of the Temper of War reading.
• After reading the article try to identify the
M.A.I.N. of WWI. Identify each letter, what it
means, and how it lead to war.
• M – Militarism = power of military (Arms
Race
• A – Alliances = agreements among
nations to help each other
• I – Imperialism = race for empires and
increased competition
• N – Nationalism = extreme pride in your
country – want to be most powerful
Bellwork
• Judging by the photo what do
you think life in the trenches
was like? What might have
been some of the hardships of
fighting out of trenches. Why
would they be beneficial?
Bellwork
• As the leader of Austria-Hungary you
have a major decision to make. The heir
to your throne has been assassinated by a
Serbian terrorist group. What do you do
next? Do you blame the Serbian
government and declare war? Do you try
to find more members of the black hand?
Or since you caught the assassin do you
drop it and move on. Think about how
this decision could affect all of Europe.
• M – Dangerous to let other country surpass u –
protect yourself – everybody was doing it
• A – My friends & I are stronger than u & ur
friends – bring countries into conflict that aren't
involved
• I – Continued expansion leads to competition,
rivalry then conflict
• N – mixed cultures leads to conflict – want to
break away from empires and form their own
country (Black Hand trying to unite Slavic ppl)
Immediate Cause of WWI
• Balkan Crisis –
Ethnic Slavs want
their own country
• Assassination of
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
• Starts a chain
reaction of events
How did the Alliance system lead to war?
Triple Entente
Britain
Russia
France
& Serbia
Austria-Hungary
declares war on Serbia
Russia mobilises its
army & declares war on
Austria-Hungary
Germany helps its ally,
Austria-Hungary &
declares war on Russia
France & Britain help
their allies and declare
war on Germany &
Austria-Hungary ….
Triple Alliance
Germany
AustriaHungary
Italy
Bellwork #2 – Put these events in the order they happened
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
France enters war on side of Russia
Serbia refuses ultimatum
Russia Mobilizes to protect Serbia
Austria-Hungary blames Serbia for Archdukes
death – send ultimatum
Austria Declares on Serbia
Germany declares war on Russia
Britain pledges to help neutral Belgium and enter
war on France’s side
Germany invades neutral Belgium
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A-H blames Serbia for assassination
Serbia refuses ultimatum
AH declares war on Serbia
Russia mobilizes to protect Serbia
Germany declares war on Russia
France enters war on Russia side
Germany invades neutral Belgium
Britain pledges to help neutral Belgium
enters war on France’s side
Chain Reaction of Events
• A/H blames Serbia
• Send ultimatum
• Russia begins to
mobilize
• Germany declares war
on Russia
• France declares war on
Germany
• Britain declares war on
Germany
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Ottoman Empire
replaces Italy
Italy changed sides
Hands On WWI Map Questions
Copy & Answer on the left side of ISN
1. What was the Schlieffen Plan?
2. What role did the taxi’s play in the Battle of
Marne?
3. Summarize the following battles.
4. Why was the British blockade bad for Germany?
How did they get around it?
5. How did the European colonies around the
world help the war effort?
6. What happened to Russia in 1917?
7. How did America contribute to the allies during
the beginning of World War I?
Schlieffen Plan
•Alfred
von
Schliefeen
Germany - Schlieffen Plan
• Did not want a 2 front war – Russia & France
• Attack France by going thru. Neutral Belgium.
• A quick victory and then fight Russia (before they
could mobilize)
• Belgium had a secret treaty w/ Britain – made it
hard on Germany
• Britain mobilized more quickly than Germany
thought they could
“Belgium is a country, not a road”
• King Albert I of
Belgium denied
permission
• August 2, 1914
Germany declared war
on France
• August 4, 1914 Great
Britain declared war
on Germany for
violating Belgian
neutrality
Illusion - Over by Christmas
• Most people thought the war
would be over by Christmas
• Schleiffen Plan worked well
– Germany was 25 miles
from Paris by Sept 3, 1914
• France got intelligence that
led them to attack at the
Marne River
• Russia then attacked and
Germany had to splits its
forces
• The stalemate began -
Battle of Marne
Sept 6-12 1914
• Fr & Br been
retreating for 12
straight days
• Launched a
counteroffensive
• Attacked German’s
right flank spliting
the forces
• Germany still
pushed to France
Marne River
Aided by the Taxi Cabs
• 600 Taxis
brought soldiers
from Paris to the
front
• 6,000 soldiers
• Halted the
German advance
• Germany began
to retreat
The Western Front
Funk Holes
John Nash, Over the Top (1918)
No Man’s Land
• British poet Wilfred Owens, later killed in action
during the war, wrote in a couple of letters:
– "No Man's Land is pocket marked like the body of
foulest disease and its odor is the breath of cancer...No
Man's Land under snow is like the face of the moon,
chaotic, crater-ridden, uninhabitable, awful, the abode
of madness."
– "Hideous landscapes, vile noises....everything
unnatural, broken, blastered; the distortion of the dead,
whose unburiable bodies sit outside the dug-outs all
day, all night, the most execrable sights on earth.“
– What do these quotes tell you about life in the trenches? How would
this affected you, if you were a soldier?
Typical Soldier’s Trench Life
• 15% front line
• 10% support line
• 30% reserve line
• 20% rest
• 25% other (hospital, travelling,
leave, training courses, etc.)
 Virtual Tour
Life in the Trenches
Dug Out Virtual Tour
Trench Warfare Game
• Debut of Tanks, 1916
– Crew of 4
– 30 ton weapons
– 3 mph
– Two cannons
mounted on each
side
– Hot, dusty, noisy,
& filled with the
stench of gas
fumes
Australian soldiers walking on duck-boards
German Sniper
“Studying French in the Trenches." Cover, The Literary Digest, October 20, 1917.
Bellwork #4
• Read “A New Kind of War” on pgs 785786 in Journey Across Time stop at
“America enters the War.”
1. List 3 things that made World War I a
new kind of war?
2. What made World War I a “total war?”
3. What do you think is meant by the
statement “the human cost of
mechanization of war”?
Why was this a
“Total War”?
• War affected everyone
not just soldiers
• Gov’t decide what
citizens could and
could not buy
• Propaganda =
Information designed
to influence public
thoughts and opinions
• Rationing = system of
limiting the amount of
food and supplies in
use – WHY?
Little Willie
British Mark I – Big Willie
What affect do you think tanks would have
on trench warfare?
•
Zeppelins
Machine Guns
Christmas Truce
• Soldiers after their Christmas Turkey
•Photo Courtesy of Imperial War Museum
Russia Drops Out – March 1917
• Russia lost millions of
soldiers
• Short of food, ammunition,
clothes, boots, and blankets
• Civil Unrest led to Czar
Nicolas II step down
• Later Bolsheviks Revolution
shook Russia – became
Communist
• New Leader- Vladimir Lenin
– signed peace treaty with
Germany
U.S. Entry – “He Kept Us Out of War”
• Policy of Isolation
(Neutrality) – Pres.
Woodrow Wilson re-elected
1916 – “He kept us out of war”
• Did not back one side or
another – gave war loans &
trade with both sides
• Germany began Unrestricted
Submarine Warfare to
blockade Britain
– Sink any ship without warning
in British waters
– Would have a direct effect on
U.S.
American Conflict with Germany
Sinking of Lusitania
Step 1
• May 17, 1915
• German U-boat sank
British passenger liner
from NY to London.
• 128 Americans Killed
Germany Con’ts Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare
Step 2
– Germany sink French
liner Sussex and
Wilson demands they
stop
– Signed Sussex Pledge
– May 4th 1916
– Pledge to Attack only
after warning and
knowledge of
contraband on board
Zimmerman
Telegram
Step 3
• Feb. 1917
• British intercepted a
Germany telegram to
Mexico
• Promised Mexico lost
territory of Arizona,
New Mexico, & Texas
if Mexico became
Germanys ally
Telegram Went Public
• Americans called for war
• Also fueled by stories of
Germany atrocities.
• Telegram was the last straw for
U.S.
• Declared war on Central
Powers – April 2, 1917
• Germany believed U.S. would
not be ready in time to help
Allies.
– Their blockade would starve
Britain into defeat
Germany is back at it
Step 4
• America started to support Britain
– Felt more of a connection b/c of ancestry & language shared
• After pledging to stop - Germany began unrestricted sub.
• Sank six merchant American ships Feb/Mar 1917
• Germany believed U.S. couldn’t mobilize fast enough to
help the allies
“Make World Safe for Democracy”
• President Wilson said to Congress, “ The world
must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be
planted upon the tested foundations of public liberty,
We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no
conquest, no dominion.”
Recruitment Posters
America arrives just in Time!!
• With Russia gone
Germany moved all its
forces to the Western
Front
• Pushed through France
again reaching the Marne
River
• They were exhausted and
out of supplies
• Allies launched a
counterattack with the help
of 140,000 fresh American
Marshall Foch led allies troops
and place fresh Americans into
the front lines at the 2nd Battle of
the Marne
Collapse of the Central Powers
• Bulgaria surrendered 1st –
Sept 18, 1918
• Austria-Hungary (revolution)
2nd – Oct 24, 1918
• Ottoman Empire surrendered
3rd – Oct 30, 1918
• Whose Left?
• Germany losing support at
home
– Men and supplies were
exhausted
– Strikes and demonstration t/o
Germany
– Navy Mutinied
– Kaiser flees Nov 9th, 1918
Signed armistice on train near Paris
The War Comes
to An End
• Fresh Americans (2 million
to be exact) defeat Germans
in the Battle of Argonne &
2nd Marne River
• German emperor forced to
step down
• Armistice signed = Nov 11,
1918 @ 11am
• Official Radio from Paris - 6:01 A.M., Nov. 11,
1918. Marshal Foch to the Commander-in-Chief.
– 1. Hostilities will be stopped on the entire front
beginning at 11 o'clock, November 11th (French hour).
– 2. The Allied troops will not go beyond the line
reached at that hour on that date until further orders.
[signed]
MARSHAL FOCH
5:45 A.M.
Warm-Up
Question 7-5.2
• After a fight/argument with a friend,
how do you act towards that person?
What usually happens afterwards?
U.S. – Woodrow Wilson
France – George Clemenceau
Great Britain – David Lloyd George
Italy – Vittorio Orlando
 President
Wilson – wanted a “lasting peace” –
Idea of the league of nations – (Peace Keeping
Organizations) Russia dropped out and had no say
Other leaders wanted revenge & protection
Woodrow Wilson USA
David Lloyd-George Great Britain
The Big Four
Georges Clemenceau France
Vittorio Orlando Italy
The Big Four at Versailles in 1919
Peace Negotiations – Jan. 1919
Attended by 27 Nations
• Losing nations not allowed to take part
• Arguments over how to treat losing nations
ensued – needed to reach a compromise
• President Wilson had a “lasting” peace plan –
want winning nations to avoid punishing losing
nations
– Don’t take too much land
– Don’t demand too much reparations
Main Points of the Treaty
• B – Blame – Germany had to accept all blame
for the war
• R – Reparations – Germany had to pay 33
billion
• A – Army – Reduce Germany military
strength - army limited to 100,000
• T – Territory – Germany lost territory &
new nations formed
President Wilson 14 pt Plan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Abolition of secret treaties
Freedom of the seas
Free Trade
Disarmament
Adjustment of colonial claims (decolonization and national selfdetermination)
6. Russia to be assured independent development and international
withdrawal from occupied Russian territory
7. Restoration of Belgium to antebellum national status
8. Alsace-Lorraine returned to France from Germany
9. Italian borders redrawn on lines of nationality
10. Autonomous development of Austria-Hungary as a nation, as the AustroHungarian Empire dissolved
11. Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and other Balkan states to be granted
integrity, have their territories deoccupied, and Serbia to be given access to
the Adriatic Sea
12. Sovereignty for the Turkish people of the Ottoman Empire as the Empire
dissolved, autonomous development for other nationalities within the former
Empire
13. Establishment of an independent Poland with access to the sea
14. General association of the nations – a multilateral international association
of nations to enforce the peace (League of Nations)
Wilson’s 14 Pt. Plan
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
End Secret Alliance
Reach Peace agreements openly
Limit military build up
Ensure the right to self rule to all people/nations
Protect freedom of the seas
Eliminate economic barriers to trade
Free territories invaded, or occupied, during war
Create a “general assembly of nations” to settle
conflicts peacefully
Other Nations Plan
• War fought on European soil = European
leaders wanted to prevent future invasions
– Create buffer b/w territories
• Make Central Powers pay for war
– Especially Germany
• Wilson back off on some of demands but
stay tough on Peace Keeping Organization
The Treaty of Versailles
June 1919
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What did France want from the treaty?
Security
Revenge
Reparations
Clemenceau : The Tiger
Clemenceau wanted to make sure that Germany
could not invade France in the future. He was
determined that Germany should be made to pay
for the damage that had been caused in northern
France by the invading German armies.
What did Britain Want?
In public Lloyd-George said he wanted to punish
the Germans. The British public was very antiGerman at the end of the war.
In private he realised that Britain needed
Germany to recover because she was an
important trading partner.
He was also worried about the “disease from
the east”, communism. The Russian
government had been overthrown by a
communist revolution in 1917. Lloyd-George
believed that the spread of communism had to
be stopped. A strong Germany would be a
barrier against it.
David Lloyd-George
What did America Want?
Woodrow Wilson wanted the treaty to be based on his
Fourteen Points
He believed Germany should be punished but not severely.
He wanted a just settlement that would not leave Germany
feeling resentful
Wilson wanted to set up an international organisation
called The League of Nations which would settle disputes
Woodrow Wilson
The American public did not support him. They were fed
up with involvement in European affairs. The USA
became more isolationist.
What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
To do with Germany’s armed forces :
The German army was to be reduced to 100,000 men. It was not allowed to have
tanks.
Germany was not allowed an airforce
The area known as the Rhineland was to be de-militarised
The Allies were to occupy the west bank of the Rhine for fifteen years
The German navy was to have no submarines or large battle-ships
100,000
De-militarised
The Military
Clauses
Territorial Losses
Germany lost ALL of her overseas colonies
Alsace-Lorraine was given to France
Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium
North-Schleswig was given to Denmark
Posen was given to Poland so that she would have
access to the Baltic Sea. This area became known as
the Polish Corridor. It meant that East Prussia was
cut off from the rest of Germany.
The Rhineland was to be de-militarized
The Saar coalfields were given to France for fifteen
years
The port of Danzig was made a Free City under the control
of the League of Nations
The War Guilt Clause
"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany
accepts, the
responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss
and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and
their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war
imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies."
Article 231
GERMANY ACCEPTED
RESPONSIBILITY FOR
STARTING THE WAR
REPARATIONS
Germany agreed to pay for the damage caused by her
armies during the war. The sum she had to pay was
later fixed at £6,600 million
Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria
How did Germans React to the Treaty?
Germans thought the Treaty was a “diktat” : a dictated peace. They had not been
invited to the peace conference at Versailles and when the Treaty was presented to
them they were threatened with war if they did not sign it.
The Treaty was NOT based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points as the Germans had been
promised it would.
Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and
British had done just as much to start the war
The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the
losses were too severe.
Many Germans believed the German economy would be crippled by having to pay
reparations.
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th June 1919. It officially ended the 1st World
War. Many historians believe that it was a major cause of the 2nd World War.
Most Germans were horrified by the harshness of the Treaty. There was anger amongst
all groups in Germany, no matter what their political beliefs. Some German newspapers
called for revenge for the humiliation of Versailles.
However anger was also directed against the government in Germany. Already there
was a myth growing in the country that the German army had been “stabbed in the
back” by politicians…the so called “November Criminals”. Now these same politicians
had signed the “Diktat”, the dictated peace. The new democracy in Germany was now
closely linked with the humiliation of Versailles.
1. Rasputin was a wandering holy man & faith
healer brought into to help Czar’s sick son, he
began to get jobs for his friends in the gov’t
and was murdered by the Duma
2. The didn’t end it they joined in
3. The provisional government was the
temporary government and Maria gathered
2,000 women to go fight in the war
4. Murdered royal family, pulled Russia out of
WWI, made Russia communist, Soviet Union,
banned all political parties, siezed all farms
and factories
1. Rigid government, unindustrialized, large gap
b/w rich and poor
2. Troops & police opened fire on a peaceful
protest killing 130 people. Czar Nicholas gave
the people a Duma (elected representatives)
3. “Do you think it could have been avoided” He
was out of touch with how bad things are and
did not do enough to fix his country
4. The were imprisoned and later murder by the
Bolsheviks
5. Opinion
Europe after World War I
1. Label all countries
2. Color all new countries (color
of your choice – make a key)
3. Complete 1-7 (be careful, it can
be tricky)
Bellwork #7
• Complete the 3 boxes on the bottom of
your Treaty of Versailles notes from
last class using your red workbook
• The pages are listed by each question.
• Make you put a copy of your photostory
on the shared drive.
o ???
Annexed by
other countries
Run by League
of Nations
Weimar, Germany
Middle East
Border were redrawn.
• Ottoman Empire
broke up –
Turkey formed
• Ibn Saud united
Arabs into Saudi
Arabia
• British control
Iraq, Trans
Jordan,
• French controlled
Lebanon & Syria
Mandates
• Many areas of
Middle East became
mandates
• League of Nations
governed territory
but allowed member
territory to run it
• Fueled nationalism
among Arabs
• Arabs especially
resented British
control of Palestine
Balfour Declaration
• Britain had control
of Palestine
• Promised Jews a
homeland in
Palestine
• Problem = angered
Arabs who lived in
Palestine – Conflicts
continues to this day
b/w the two
The League of Nations
• Purpose = Aid Nations in settling disputes
peacefully
Failure of the League of Nations
Reasons
1. U.S. never joined the league
2. Lacked true leader – hard to
make decisions
3. Didn’t have power to enforce its
rules
Bitter Legacy
• U.S.
– Became a very powerful nations
– Citizens became fearful of foreigners (xenophobia)
• Slavs
– Still didn’t get their own nation
• Defeated Nations
– Weak economies
– Angered by Treaty of Versailles
– People were open to leaders who appealed to their
emotion rather than reason – leading harsh dictators