Transcript chapter four the american revolution (1774-1783)

February 4, 2014 (Tuesday)
LEARNING TARGETS – I can explain about the struggles
both foreign and domestic that caused the U. S. major
challenges during Washington’s administration.
WARM-UP – Explain the differences between a loose
constructionists and a strict constructionists. Which one
would you be and why?
HOMEWORK – 1) Do Chapter 7 – Section 3 on Study
Island due Thursday.
2) Read Chapter 7 – Section 4
3) Study for a quiz on Chapter 7–Section 2 and Chapter 7–
Section 3.
SECTION THREE –
CHALLENGES FOR THE NEW NATION
REMAINING NEUTRAL
● Problems began in France when
citizens of Paris attacked and captured
a fortress/prison on July 14, 1789
called the Bastille.
● It stood as a strong symbol of royal
power.
● Reasons for the people’s revolt
■ Poverty and Hunger
■ Low wages and fear of
unemployment
■ Strong dislike for and
distrust of the wealthy
● This was the beginning of the French
Revolution.
● French citizens were inspired
by the American Revolution
● King Louis XVI fled from
Versailles to the Tuileries Palace
in Paris on October 6 to get away
● Many Americans supported the
French citizens in overthrowing
the French monarchy.
● Americans were excited
because they believed France was
starting the same kind of
democracy as us.
● The rebellion spread
throughout all of France into the
countryside
● As it continued to grow it grew
more violent.
The Declaration of the
Rights of Man and Citizen
• Adopted by the
National Assembly
on August 26, 1789
• Based upon
Enlightenment ideals
• Outlined basic
freedoms held by all
people
• Asserted the
sovereignty of the
people
Abolition of Nobility
On June 19, 1790, said that hereditary titles of
nobility were officially abolished in France.
The Trial of King Louis XVI
• Louis XVI and his family
attempted to flee France,
June 21, 1791, but got
caught.
• Louis XVI was brought trial
on December 26,1792
• On January 15,1793, a
majority of deputies at the
Convention voted to
execute Louis.
• One of the main leaders
was Maximilien de
Robespierre
• Louis XVI was to be
executed by guillotine.
The Execution of King Louis XVI
• Executed on January 21, 1793 – his wife Marie Antoinette
was executed separately October 16, 1793.
• During Robespierre’s “Reign of Terror” the Execution of
40,000 “Enemies of the Nation” occurred.
Napoleon Bonaparte
• In 1799, the French Republic ended when Napoleon
Bonaparte overthrew the Directory and then in 1804 when
he named himself emperor and began his first empire.
Decision Time
• The violent revolution
concerned many Americans
because of the riots and
attacks on traditional
authority.
• They were shocked by the
executions of the former King
and Queen of France.
• Other European monarchs
believed the revolution
threatened their own thrones.
• France declared war on
Britain, Spain and Holland
• The war placed the U.S. in an
awkward position, because we
had signed a treaty with
France during our revolution.
The Neutrality Proclamation
● Some Americans supported the
French, while others supported
the English.
● Congress and Washington’s
cabinet were divided on who to
support.
● Washington decided to issue the
Neutrality Proclamation in April
1793.
● It stated that the United States
would not take sides with any
European nations that were at
war.
● We would remain friendly with
both Britain and France.
● Washington thought it was best,
but many people disagreed.
● Members of Congress, such as
James Madison did not like
Washington passing it without
Congressional approval.
The French Question
● In April 1793, Edmond Genet, a
French representative to the U.S.
asked American sailors to help in
their fight by commanding
privateers.
● Privateers were private ships
hired by a country to attack its
enemies.
● Washington told France this
violated our neutrality.
● Jefferson who wanted France to
win the war with England
thought using privateers was a
bad idea.
● Jefferson was very upset that
America was not helping France
though, because France helped
us during our Revolution
The French Question
● But, Hamilton was proBritish,
● Trade was very important
to him and Britain was
the world’s leading trade
nation.
● He wanted to improve our
trade with Britain.
● Jefferson believed
Hamilton had too much
influence on Washington
foreign policy and in 1793
resigned from his job as
Secretary of State.
Jay’s Treaty
● Late in 1793, Britain began
seizing American ships that were
taking food and supplies to the
French West Indies
● Britain was also helping Native
Americans defeat American
settlers in the west.
● Washington sent Chief Justice
John Jay to compromise with
Britain to prevent a war with
them.
● Britain knew that America relied
on British trade and we didn’t
have a very strong navy.
● But, Britain did not want to fight
another war with the U.S. either.
Jay’s Treaty
● Jay’s Treaty was signed in November 1794.
● It was designed to settle the disputes that
had arisen between the United States and
Great Britain during the early 1790s.
■ the British would pay for damages they
had done to seized American ships
■ the British would abandon their forts in
the northwestern frontier
■ The U.S. agreed to pay debts it owed to
the British.
● This treaty was not well liked by either
American citizens or Congressional
leaders.
● They thought it hurt trade and did not
punish Britain for its actions.
Jay’s Treaty
● Especially unpopular in the South - it did not require
Britain to repay owners for the slaves they let go during
the Revolutionary War.
● Even though Washington didn’t really like the treaty,
with the Senate’s urging he approved the treaty.
● There were protest everywhere about this treaty.
Pinckney’s Treaty
Ambassador Thomas Pinckney
● U. S. businesses also had
trouble.
● Spain disputed the border
between Spanish Florida
and the U. S.
● Spain decided to close the
port of New Orleans to U. S.
trade in 1784.
● The U.S. economy was really
damaged because they could
not send goods down the
Mississippi River to port.
● Normally goods were then
shipped to the East or to
overseas ports.
● President Washington sent
Ambassador Thomas
Pinckney to negotiate with
Spain.
Pinckney’s Treaty
● Pinckney requested that Spain
re-open New Orleans to U. S.
trade with the right of
deposit.
● Right of deposit meant
merchants could ship goods to
New Orleans and transfer
them to other ships without
paying cargo fees.
● Spain tried to delay the deal
hoping Pinckney would
become impatient and sign a
deal favoring Spain.
● Spain’s minister Manuel de
Godoy was worried that the
U.S. and Britain might unite
together after Jay’s Treaty
had been signed.
Spain’s minister Manuel de Godoy
Pinckney’s Treaty
● Pinckney was patient and
in October 1795,
Pinckney’s Treaty was
signed.
■ Spain agreed to
recognize the U. S.
southern border at 31ºN
latitude.
■ Spain re-opened the port
of New Orleans and
allowed the right of
deposit.
● This treaty was viewed as a
successful compromise, but
troubles were still ahead.
Conflict in the Northwest Territory
● Native Americans did not like
American settlers moving into
the Northwest Territory
● British soldiers were still in
local-area forts and were
supplying the Native
Americans with weapons.
● This Northwest Territory was
bordered by the Ohio River in
the south and Canada to the
north.
● In 1790 President Washington
sent troops to control this area.
● A Miami chief “Little Turtle”
and a Shawnee chief “Blue
Jacket” led an alliance of
Native American troops in two
victories in 1790 and 1791,
General Wayne Takes Command
● President Washington put a
General Anthony Wayne in
charge in 1792.
● He had reckless courage and his
nickname was “Mad Anthony”.
● General Wayne didn’t arrive in
Ohio until 1793, but the men
were too ill to fight from
smallpox and influenza (flu).
● Wayne built Fort Greenville
where they stayed the winter,
gathered supplies and became
more healthy.
● Little Turtle led an attack on a
supply train near the fort as the
summer of 1794 drew near.
● Wayne responded by attacking
Native American villages and
burning crops.
The End of Conflict
● Without the British aid - they had been
receiving, Little Turtle pled to the chiefs
to negotiate, but they ignored his
advice and replaced him.
● On August 20, 1794 about 2,000 Native
Americans met at Fort Miami where
they fought General Anthony and his
troops.
● It was called the Battle of Fallen
Timbers.
● It received this name, because many
trees had been knocked down by a
storm or tornado.
● Mad Anthony’s victories broke the
Native American spirit in the
Northwest.
● The Treaty of Greenville was signed by
Native American leaders in 1795 and it
gave the United States the claim to
most Indian lands in the Northwest
Territory.
● The treaty guaranteed safety to all
citizens moving into the area and the
Native Americans got $20,000 of goods.
The Whiskey Rebellion
● Hamilton wanted to put a tax on
American-made whiskey to
raise money to pay off the war
debt in the 1790s.
● Congress voted to apply this tax
in March 1791.
● This would also test the power of
the federal government to
control the states’ actions.
REACTION IN THE WEST
● There were very bitter farmers
from Pennsylvania down
Georgia and many farmers
refused to pay the tax.
● Farmers often made their
grain(corn, rye, wheat, barley,
etc.) into whiskey which was
easier to take to market,
because it was more condensed.
The Whiskey Rebellion
● To put this into perspective – a
farmer could carry TWO
BUSHELS of rye or corn to
market or TWO BARRELS of
whiskey made from this grain.
● The amount of grain used in the
two barrels of whiskey was 24
bushels.
● This meant whiskey was much
more valuable than the grain.
● This whiskey was used as money,
because cash was in short supply
and it was often used to trade for
multiple types of supplies.
● The farmers who were making the
whiskey felt they should be able
keep the money on the whiskey
that they made themselves.
The Whiskey Rebellion
WHISKEY REBELLION IS CRUSHED
● Washington issued a proclamation in
1792 ordering all people to follow the
John Neville's(tax collector) House Was Burned Down
law.
● Farmers in western Pennsylvania
began protesting peacefully, but by
the summer of 1794 things turned
violent.
● Farmers refused to pay the tax,
tarring and feathering tax collectors,
etc.
● Washington and Hamilton decided
something must be done as the
violence spread to other states.
● Washington feared that these rebels
threatened the federal governments
authority.
Whiskey Rebellion Flag in Pennsylvania
● Washington said the people needed
understand that Congress had the
authority to pass and enforce the
tax because the Constitution gave
it permission to do so.
● On August 7, 1794, he called for
the farmers to put down their
weapons and disperse also calling
for an army of 13,000.
● On September 19, 1794
Washington personally led them
into battle against the rebellion
with Hamilton by his side.
● This is the first and only time that
an active President has led troops
in battle.
● By the time the troops arrived
most of the rebels had disbursed
and no fighting was needed
● The rebellion was put down.
Not an entirely accurate sign.
● Washington announced in 1796
that he would not run for a third
term as president.
● He said that the people were the
true leaders of the country.
● Washington, Hamilton and
Madison all wrote what is today
known as the Farewell Address.
● The following were the things he
viewed as America’s biggest
dangers.
a) the dangers of foreign ties or
relations.
b) political conflicts at home
c) warned against forming
permanent ties to other countries
because choosing sides could draw
us into war.
d) he felt that the fighting
between political groups was
weakening the government
saying that unity was the key
national success.
e) he warned against too
much public debt and said
that the government should
avoid borrowing money and
passing on debt to future
generations.
-In the end he praised his
country, but said he was
really looking forward to his
retirement.